tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70877685092485845222024-03-13T23:36:59.008+05:30FIZA ENGINEERINGThis website has been built to provide information of modern technology, engineering drawing, technical system,modern science, education, career learning, manual engineering works.FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.comBlogger59125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-31094243522947099612023-11-09T20:30:00.004+05:302023-11-09T20:30:55.423+05:30Kaya flower" is medicine for many diseases.<h1 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="background-color: #f8f9fa; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Kaya flower" is medicine for many diseases.</span></span></h1><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; font-family: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; text-wrap: wrap; width: 328px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj34oE0e5zzEqlE1qz6mvKMtcn91rzSO3UK5T9shcnO13-BbUsHZdKDAjhn0DIwCRXuWZA1xmN2bEhKjN-vAzZIxYPLJ_Ef91H3lC10dPqG0ORxsUAEG_NgUMU4jFo9voAJpOapQtZi2R9oF55WO2NFd6QaB3pljstnQvPjDw-j06MPOROeWLaEAgqvCOQ3/s600/Kaya_flowers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kaya flower" is medicine for many diseases." border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="450" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj34oE0e5zzEqlE1qz6mvKMtcn91rzSO3UK5T9shcnO13-BbUsHZdKDAjhn0DIwCRXuWZA1xmN2bEhKjN-vAzZIxYPLJ_Ef91H3lC10dPqG0ORxsUAEG_NgUMU4jFo9voAJpOapQtZi2R9oF55WO2NFd6QaB3pljstnQvPjDw-j06MPOROeWLaEAgqvCOQ3/w480-h640/Kaya_flowers.jpg" title="Kaya flower" is medicine for many diseases." width="480" /></a></div><span style="color: #1f1f1f;"><br /></span><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="color: #1f1f1f; max-height: 999999px;"><br /></span></pre><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; text-wrap: wrap; width: 328px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="max-height: 999999px;">Made from the extract of this flower Either fragrant sweet, answer to this flower
In India it is called Keora.</span></pre><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; width: 328px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="max-height: 999999px; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: Times New Roman;">Kaya is a herbaceous plant. 3 to 4 meters in length. The trunk of this tree is round and thorny. Branches emerge from the trunk. Its leaves are 3-4 meters long and 5-6 cm wide. There are saw-like spines on the edges of the leaves. Much like a pineapple leaf. The leaves of this plant grow directly from the stem without the root. The base of the leaf is attached to the stem. The tips of the leaves are narrow and drooping towards the ground. The leaf color is green and both surfaces are smooth.</span></span></pre><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; width: 328px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="max-height: 999999px; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: Times New Roman;">Several roots come out from the lower part of the tree to the thick branches and form a base in the ground. These are called obstacles. This root connects the tree trunk firmly to the soil and helps support the plant. These trees intermingle with each other to create a dense and inaccessible environment.
Kaya is a unisexual plant. Male keya is called sit ketaki and female keya is gold ketaki or hem ketaki. Kaya flower blooms in Ashad-Shravan month. For this reason, kia is called monsoon flower in Bangladesh. Its flowers are white in color and fragrant. Cluster fruits are produced in the month of Ashwin Kartik. The pulp of this fruit is quite hard. From a distance, this cluster of fruits looks like a pineapple. Its color is also reddish like pineapple. Kaya fruits are up to 15-18 cm long. Fruits are orange, yellow or grey. Many people eat this fruit. What a bitter taste. From the flowers of this plant, an aromatic oil is prepared which is known as Keora oil.</span></span></pre><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; width: 328px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="max-height: 999999px; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: Times New Roman;">They are found in the plains of North Bengal. Apart from this, this tree is found in abundance on the sea coast of Sundarbans, Orissa. Kea is a tree native to South and Southeast Asia. It is widely grown in countries like Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Japan etc.
It is known that about two and a half thousand years ago, there was also Kaya in the high places of the Himalayas. Our ancient literature, Hindu-Puranas, folklore have references to care. The poet wrote a poem about Nazrul Kaya - Rimi Jhim Rimi Jhim Oi Namil Kya.
Kaya leaf juice is useful in acne, leprosy, diabetes. Flower oil helps reduce stomach pain. Keora flower water is used in biryani cooking. Keora water is made from this flower in the evaporation process, especially in Rajasthan, India, its fragrant barfi, rasmalai, rasgolla, pitha are used to make various sweets. The scent of care is deep and intoxicating. Maddened by the smell, the group of beetles runs away. But there is no honey in the flower, there are many thorns full of thorns. Apart from this, kera stem, flower stalks, sticks, seeds and bark are used in various medicines. Kaya is especially useful in reducing scabies and bites from poisonous insects.</span></span></pre><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; width: 328px;"><span class="Y2IQFc" lang="en" style="max-height: 999999px; text-wrap: wrap;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: Times New Roman;"><br /></span></span></pre><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; text-align: justify; width: 328px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-wrap: wrap;">for, Fiza Engineer</span></span></pre><pre class="tw-data-text tw-text-large JgzqYd RES9jf tw-ta" data-placeholder="Translation" data-ved="2ahUKEwjo6tqclLeCAxXv2TgGHeB7Bv0Q3ewLegQIBBAQ" dir="ltr" id="tw-target-text" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: none; line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: -10px; margin-top: -10px; max-height: 999999px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 10px 0.14em 10px 0px; position: relative; resize: none; text-align: justify; width: 328px;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="text-wrap: wrap;">Najmul</span></span></pre>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-79839608202463022702023-06-30T19:30:00.001+05:302023-06-30T19:30:15.834+05:30About 2.5 million years ago 'Sabre-toothed tiger'.<h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">About 2.5 million years Ago He used to walk around in this pattern 'Sabre-toothed tiger'.</span></b></h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMCZeeNOGTvYDQmZwxwOjVWmizWD1LMV0BoBSjjyQbdgbMG83Z9cW2RZ5791vJQYJmcBA9hvuA5hjX9wytyqxs4ouzFJzIgY4p-_fHMLVFaqY2-HZZw3yzwqM1ilDZ74YBrRMC1zyO-ouVmOCeRHndEgipdFquPFZo3twlZx-2W-rd_YtHADBgNCsoKFa/s1080/IMG_20230630_192433.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="About 2.5 million years ago 'Sabre-toothed tiger'" border="0" data-original-height="949" data-original-width="1080" height="562" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMCZeeNOGTvYDQmZwxwOjVWmizWD1LMV0BoBSjjyQbdgbMG83Z9cW2RZ5791vJQYJmcBA9hvuA5hjX9wytyqxs4ouzFJzIgY4p-_fHMLVFaqY2-HZZw3yzwqM1ilDZ74YBrRMC1zyO-ouVmOCeRHndEgipdFquPFZo3twlZx-2W-rd_YtHADBgNCsoKFa/w640-h562/IMG_20230630_192433.jpg" title="About 2.5 million years ago 'Sabre-toothed tiger'" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Despite the tiger in the name, they belong to the Felidae family. Which cat family?</p><p> They are mammals. Its English name is Sabre-toothed cat. The name gives an idea It is found that its teeth must have a special characteristic. Yes, you are absolutely right. The two canine teeth in the upper jaw of this species were quite large. Two about 8 inches long Their teeth were coming out.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7YLuGcoXhbcP7ZCDK2xTCXzzNP0CvvSBfrO6plZ4unUPVQtVWgWpf_8tbJVd5RtdPfRGlq4y0JpBNULFicen45h65GowurM1WRXFXw7AHLw5ZOXVRt3ZX5bSTyNU0_oTeZ8ckqI0s-D9dIW9IEL5FubKKJvkzRt4C5MwCWWThb5NFvCGpmJoRGwZfibj/s444/Sabre-toothed%20tiger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="About 2.5 million years ago 'Sabre-toothed tiger'" border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="444" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK7YLuGcoXhbcP7ZCDK2xTCXzzNP0CvvSBfrO6plZ4unUPVQtVWgWpf_8tbJVd5RtdPfRGlq4y0JpBNULFicen45h65GowurM1WRXFXw7AHLw5ZOXVRt3ZX5bSTyNU0_oTeZ8ckqI0s-D9dIW9IEL5FubKKJvkzRt4C5MwCWWThb5NFvCGpmJoRGwZfibj/w640-h462/Sabre-toothed%20tiger.jpg" title="About 2.5 million years ago 'Sabre-toothed tiger'" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p> When I hear the name of the big toothed tiger, the character 'Diego' from the famous Ice Age animation movie comes to my mind. Which is a Sabre-toothed cat, it is a species of the American Smilodon (Smilodon) genus. The genus was named after its fossils were found in Brazil around 1842. This saber-toothed tiger roamed America about 2.5 million years ago. They are carnivores. Their tails were relatively short. They had a high forelimb but were probably not as powerfully built as modern day lions or Royal Bengal tigers. The massive front teeth may have evolved to pierce the skin of Ice Age fur animals. Maybe it would have been useful for tearing the meat off the prey. With such large teeth, it was also more likely to break. Their jaws could bend up to 90 degrees. Fossil. Our only tool to extract all information about any animal species. We had three species of Smilodon. S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. Population About a hundred fossils have been found from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, USA. So much is known from fossils.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bxqkz0cGEG-EeV2T3LtvZ6aV81X0IKFboAuGncK3W4w7b_0pUWyy2qBYbc0dXIZso35ZEGjN54yTt5UV4umNhFdKMQriu5-G9hjPObkwqwc21wNyLbw62Zpcl-y1-0I7yprvGR_hDBq7kcMv8eieXLkynAMoT3JyvIZhEWF-yMZ_PRa1rPP1FIIjymYa/s1787/Sabre-toothed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="About 2.5 million years ago 'Sabre-toothed tiger'" border="0" data-original-height="1787" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8bxqkz0cGEG-EeV2T3LtvZ6aV81X0IKFboAuGncK3W4w7b_0pUWyy2qBYbc0dXIZso35ZEGjN54yTt5UV4umNhFdKMQriu5-G9hjPObkwqwc21wNyLbw62Zpcl-y1-0I7yprvGR_hDBq7kcMv8eieXLkynAMoT3JyvIZhEWF-yMZ_PRa1rPP1FIIjymYa/w386-h640/Sabre-toothed.jpg" title="About 2.5 million years ago 'Sabre-toothed tiger'" width="386" /></a></div><br /><p>Climate change, competition with other species for food is thought to be the reason for the extinction of this species. The most popular view is that they died out in the megafaunal extinction. Megafaunal extinctions are caused by climate change or human activities at the end of the Ice Age.</p><p><br /></p><p> Credit___Encyclopedia Britannica</p><p><br /></p><h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">FIZA ENGINEER</span></h1><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Sk Najmul</b> </span></div>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0United Kingdom55.378051 -3.43597327.067817163821154 -38.592223 83.688284836178838 31.720277tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-53746302474574597232023-01-01T19:50:00.004+05:302023-01-01T19:50:46.471+05:30The story of forest cast.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The Story of Forest Cast</span> </h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEZjFgcdFpLaZ5SVeDdbyjFnkOh-TsbjUMkBM9jmKJCJPcakMNyOBISH4XVlieCKb1stCJ9Ahlv93u-l4Vdv6V3q57MqJOxoClYrLgaorvbSI8aTOeFU-mZKfte_EQD0IJTht_ih2rKRH4EJRkw3aaOjJc6j7aA4U3YVMeGdxJoWFIE1ys009P5EL3Sg/s724/Forest%20cast.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The story of forest cast" border="0" data-original-height="483" data-original-width="724" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEZjFgcdFpLaZ5SVeDdbyjFnkOh-TsbjUMkBM9jmKJCJPcakMNyOBISH4XVlieCKb1stCJ9Ahlv93u-l4Vdv6V3q57MqJOxoClYrLgaorvbSI8aTOeFU-mZKfte_EQD0IJTht_ih2rKRH4EJRkw3aaOjJc6j7aA4U3YVMeGdxJoWFIE1ys009P5EL3Sg/w640-h426/Forest%20cast.jpg" title="The story of forest cast" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The story of forest cast for that island nation men are like bodybuilders.They are so powerful that one Coconuts are strong enough to crack Teeth are enough. He played cricket in a way That game 'Kilikiti'!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> It goes without saying how many strange cultures there are in the world. Today I will talk about a nation and their culture that you probably never knew before.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Samoa is a small country in the South Pacific Ocean. A group of people called the Samoan ethnic group lives in this deep sea island nation. The intelligence and power of these people can shock you. Samoan men are so strong that their teeth are enough to break a coconut. They are able to hold large coconuts with only their teeth without any tools.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Surprising but true, Samoans have their own version of cricket. Their cricket bats and balls are different from ours. However, although the game is similar to cricket, it is known to the Samoans as the 'kilikiti' game.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIlHOoz836Z_703sxNul-B2kqz53y2fxaPV7sUN3Z_m01poNRcKNRq3mMZ9wOv-xmezY-BUl6FkAaec7Nf_I_4zmTzx-0fRVJvsSXKQG1a3dmNncrDeYj-NXVEh4NopufBlbpFXKq9t945i-yLxVYnl_dDTIPz4KKspIgMCGg-OA0NpfpC0-8VW8PHfw/s4299/BlackForest-Germany-GettyImages-147180370.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The story of forest cast" border="0" data-original-height="2866" data-original-width="4299" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIlHOoz836Z_703sxNul-B2kqz53y2fxaPV7sUN3Z_m01poNRcKNRq3mMZ9wOv-xmezY-BUl6FkAaec7Nf_I_4zmTzx-0fRVJvsSXKQG1a3dmNncrDeYj-NXVEh4NopufBlbpFXKq9t945i-yLxVYnl_dDTIPz4KKspIgMCGg-OA0NpfpC0-8VW8PHfw/w640-h426/BlackForest-Germany-GettyImages-147180370.jpg" title="The story of forest cast" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Samoans are very entertaining people. Samoan culture and heritage are world renowned. Samoan male and female dance is very popular in the world. Some of the traditional Samoan dances are the Farar Knife, Fata Upati, Maulu-ul and Touluga. Farrar Knife dance is very popular here. This dance is performed by setting fire to both ends of a stick called machete. It is a very dangerous dance. Those who perform this dance are very fit.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Male Samoans also perform a type of dance similar to the New Zealand haka dance. It is called 'Shiva Tao' dance. This dance is performed before the start of any important event or sport. It is basically a primitive war dance or war dance of the Samoans.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> The Ava ceremony is one of the most important customs in the Samoan Islands. This is a Samoan ceremonial occasion, where Samoans traditionally drink together. To be more precise, everyone drinks beer or liquor in this event. But although everyone drinks alcohol, the ava ceremony is one of the most important customs in the Samoan Islands. Because Samoans choose their political leaders through this ceremony. In everyday life, Samoans try to follow natural and ancient ways.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Prxq3xwbYilymNngaA1cv1XvxD8HJceFZBPo-sEmXN2q5SGObs8zj5I_q3aC38bX7BF2UBOyeVAf15x9AGy6w3ApoHU9jGAI73ViSCjRAOUbJyih0XIu_JzIzkIcgzSS48gSvqT40clOtoIdqwpGzLQecHLlRvdKTOemN6IuJ0bNNkX_cNq1fsSN6Q/s612/the%20story%20of%20forest%20cast.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The story of forest cast" border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="459" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4Prxq3xwbYilymNngaA1cv1XvxD8HJceFZBPo-sEmXN2q5SGObs8zj5I_q3aC38bX7BF2UBOyeVAf15x9AGy6w3ApoHU9jGAI73ViSCjRAOUbJyih0XIu_JzIzkIcgzSS48gSvqT40clOtoIdqwpGzLQecHLlRvdKTOemN6IuJ0bNNkX_cNq1fsSN6Q/w480-h640/the%20story%20of%20forest%20cast.jpg" title="The story of forest cast" width="480" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Samoans use the ancient method of ignition by friction to light a fire. Their cooking methods are also completely different from ours. They eat any food by burning or boiling it by applying heat. In other words, Samoans prefer ancient methods in cooking. They cook any food by wrapping it in banana leaves and kachu leaves. It is made edible by applying heat to boil milk or other liquids inside several layers of kachupata.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Loves to draw tattoos on their body. Tattooing was also valued in ancient Samoan society. Their tattoos are more perfect and different designs than others.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> Samoans belong to the famous Polynesian ethnic group. They speak Samoan and English. Samoan is an Austronesian language. 98 percent of Samoans practice Christianity. But there are also people of Islam, Judaism, Hinduism and Baha'i religion here. Sutra..Beautiful World</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Thank you </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Fiza Engineer</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">Sk Najmul</span></p><p><br /></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-47413023484119800952022-12-24T23:52:00.002+05:302022-12-25T00:02:07.245+05:30Merry Christmas 2022<p> </p>
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<meta property="og:type" content="Make your own wonderful Wishing greeting card" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Wishing you Merry Christmas 2022" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://fizaengineer.blogspot.com/>
<meta property="og:description" content="CLICK HERE" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Create Awesome wishing Card" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css">
<!----- Favicon ------>
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrzBC-5WDXBjlYt5XJnUa-unl9fH-_tZ4qT6U5ug2IiKnGaE_25Y6299Wj_wI5E2SNZXUj_I8C1_RIr1XcW6H4bOf6qEsDx1-nXYMUKgBbW4JS5YmvZLfBac-6qLpb1c0YEoYKCaBbgeg/s1600/wp.png">ch
<style>
/* Blue */
.info {
border-color: #2196F3;
color: dodgerblue
}
.info:hover {
background: #2196F3;
color: white;
}
.btn {
background-color: #2196F3;
border: none;
color: white;
padding: 15px 32px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
display: inline-block;
font-size: 12px;
margin: 4px 2px;
cursor: pointer;
}
i {
color: #ff2323;
}
input[type=name], select {
width: 100%;
padding: 12px 20px;
margin: 4px 0;
display: inline-block;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 4px;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.footerbtn1 {
display: block;
line-height: 15px;
position: fixed;
right:0px;
bottom:0px;
height:40px;
border-radius: 15px;
box-sizing: border-box;
padding: 5px;
background:#000099;
color: #ffffff;
font-size: 18px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
width:40%;
margin-right:10px;
margin-right:30px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 12px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);
animation: footer infinite linear 1s;
-webkit-transform: translate3d(30%,0,0);
transform: translate3d(30%,0,0);
position: fixed;
}
.footerbtn1 :active {
box-shadow: none
}
@-webkit-keyframes footer {
from {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0)
}
25% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(1.5deg)
}
50% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg)
}
75% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(-1.5deg)
}
to {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0)
}}
.footerbtn {
display: block;
line-height: 15px;
position: fixed;
left:0px;
bottom:0px;
height:40px;
border-radius: 15px;
box-sizing: border-box;
padding: 5px;
background:#34af23;
color: #ffffff;
font-size: 18px;
text-align: center;
text-decoration: none;
width:40%;
margin-left:10px;
margin-right:30px;
box-shadow: 0 4px 12px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);
animation: footer infinite linear 1s;
-webkit-transform: translate3d(30%,0,0);
transform: translate3d(30%,0,0);
position: fixed;
}
.footerbtn :active {
box-shadow: none
}
@-webkit-keyframes footer {
from {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0)
}
25% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(1.5deg)
}
50% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg)
}
75% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(-1.5deg)
}
to {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0)
}}
@-webkit-keyframes jello { from, 11.1%, to { transform: none; }
22.2% { transform: skewX(-12.5deg) skewY(-12.5deg); }
33.3% { transform: skewX(6.25deg) skewY(6.25deg); }
44.4% { transform: skewX(-3.125deg) skewY(-3.125deg); }
55.5% { transform: skewX(1.5625deg) skewY(1.5625deg); }
66.6% { transform: skewX(-0.78125deg) skewY(-0.78125deg); }
77.7% { transform: skewX(0.390625deg) skewY(0.390625deg); }
88.8% { transform: skewX(-0.1953125deg) skewY(-0.1953125deg); }}
.jello { -webkit-animation: jello 3s infinite; transform-origin: center; -webkit-animation-delay:6s}
@-webkit-keyframes hue {
from { -webkit-filter: hue-rotate(0deg); }
to { -webkit-filter: hue-rotate(-360deg); }}
.m1{position:fixed;left:1%; width:auto;height:100%;top:1%;color:#000;}
.m2{position:fixed;right:1%; width:auto;height:100%;top:1%;color:#000;}
.bubbles {
font-family: arial;
}
.bubbles hi {
font-family: 'Luckiest Guy', cursive;
color: black;
}
hi {
font-size:2.5em;
user-select:none;
}
hi span { display:inline-block; animation:float .2s ease-in-out infinite; }
@keyframes float {
0%,100%{ transform:none; }
33%{ transform:translateY(-1px) rotate(-2deg); }
66%{ transform:translateY(1px) rotate(2deg); }
}
body:hover span { animation:bounce .6s; }
@keyframes bounce {
0%,100%{ transform:translate(0); }
25%{ transform:rotateX(20deg) translateY(2px) rotate(-3deg); }
50%{ transform:translateY(-20px) rotate(3deg) scale(1.1); }
}
@import url(http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Concert+One);
h1 {
animation:glow 10s ease-in-out infinite;
}
* { box-sizing:border-box; }
figure {
animation:wobble 5s ease-in-out infinite;
transform-origin:center center;
transform-style:preserve-3d;
}
@keyframes wobble {
0%,100%{ transform:rotate3d(1,1,0,40deg); }
25%{ transform:rotate3d(-1,1,0,40deg); }
50%{ transform:rotate3d(-1,-1,0,40deg); }
75%{ transform:rotate3d(1,-1,0,40deg); }
}
h1 {
display:block;
width:90%;
line-height:1.5;
font:900 35px 'Concert One', sans-serif;
position:absolute;
color:#fff;
}
@keyframes glow {
0%,100%{ text-shadow:0 0 30px red; }
25%{ text-shadow:0 0 30px orange; }
50%{ text-shadow:0 0 30px forestgreen; }
75%{ text-shadow:0 0 30px cyan; }
}
h1:nth-child(2){ transform:translateZ(5px); }
h1:nth-child(3){ transform:translateZ(10px);}
h1:nth-child(4){ transform:translateZ(15px); }
h1:nth-child(5){ transform:translateZ(20px); }
h1:nth-child(6){ transform:translateZ(25px); }
h1:nth-child(7){ transform:translateZ(30p.rock{animation:infinite 1s rock}
@keyframes rock { 0% { transform: rotate(-1deg); }
50% { transform: rotate(2deg); }
100% { transform: rotate(-1deg); }}x); }
h1:nth-child(8){ transform:translateZ(35px); }
h1:nth-child(9){ transform:translateZ(40px); }
h1:nth-child(10){ transform:translateZ(45px); }
.rock{animation:infinite 1s rock}
@keyframes rock { 0% { transform: rotate(-1deg); }
50% { transform: rotate(2deg); }
100% { transform: rotate(-1deg); }}
.fuck{animation:infinite 1s fuck}
@keyframes rock { 0% { transform: rotate(-2deg); }
50% { transform: rotate(2deg); }
100% { transform: rotate(-2deg); }}
h2 {
font-size: 38px;
text-align: center;
color:#ff2323;
animation: rock infinite 1s;
font-family: 'Indie Flower', cursive;
letter-spacing: 2px;
}
h3 {
font-size: 48px;
text-align: center;
padding:1px;
margin:1px;
color: red;
text-shadow: 1px 1px silver, -1px -1px blue;
aanimation: fuck infinite 1s;
font-family: 'Indie Flower', cursive;
letter-spacing: 2px;
}
.cssload-preloader {
position: absolute;
top: 0px;
left: px;
right: 40px;
bottom: 20px;
z-index: 10;
}
.cssload-preloader > .cssload-preloader-box {
position: absolute;
height: 16px;
top: 50%;
left: 50%;
margin: -8px 0 0 -82px;
perspective: 110px;
-o-perspective: 110px;
-ms-perspective: 110px;
-webkit-perspective: 110px;
-moz-perspective: 110px;
}
.cssload-preloader .cssload-preloader-box > div {
position: relative;
width: 16px;
height: 16px;
background: rgb(204,204,204);
float: left;
text-align: center;
line-height: 16px;
font-family: Verdana;
font-size: 11px;
color: rgb(255,255,255);
}.cssload-preloader .cssload-preloader-box > div:nth-child(1) {
background: rgb(255,0,0);
margin-right: 8px;
animation: cssload-movement 690ms ease 0ms infinite alternate;
-o-animation: cssload-movement 690ms ease 0ms infinite alternate;
-ms-animation: cssload-movement 690ms ease 0ms infinite alternate;
-webkit-animation: cssload-movement 690ms ease 0ms infinite alternate;
-moz-animation: cssload-movement 690ms ease 0ms infinite alternate;
}
@keyframes cssload-movement {
from {
transform: scale(1.0) translateY(0px) rotateX(0deg);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0);
}
to {
transform: scale(1.5) translateY(-14px) rotateX(45deg);
box-shadow: 0 14px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
background: rgb(51,153,255);
}
}
@-o-keyframes cssload-movement {
from {
-o-transform: scale(1.0) translateY(0px) rotateX(0deg);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0);
}
to {
-o-transform: scale(1.5) translateY(-14px) rotateX(45deg);
box-shadow: 0 14px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
background: rgb(51,153,255);
}
}
@-ms-keyframes cssload-movement {
from {
-ms-transform: scale(1.0) translateY(0px) rotateX(0deg);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0);
}
to {
-ms-transform: scale(1.5) translateY(-14px) rotateX(45deg);
box-shadow: 0 14px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
background: rgb(51,153,255);
}
}
@-webkit-keyframes cssload-movement {
from {
-webkit-transform: scale(1.0) translateY(0px) rotateX(0deg);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0);
}
to {
-webkit-transform: scale(1.5) translateY(-14px) rotateX(45deg);
box-shadow: 0 14px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
background: rgb(51,153,255);
}
}
@-moz-keyframes cssload-movement {
from {
-moz-transform: scale(1.0) translateY(0px) rotateX(0deg);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0);
}
to {
-moz-transform: scale(1.5) translateY(-14px) rotateX(45deg);
box-shadow: 0 14px 22px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
background: rgb(51,153,255);
}
}
</style>
</head>
<!----- Main Background ------>
<body style="background: url(https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHi4WZj8I9g52QnWRG3WychoCao8TieNVePWt6IjaffBDN-mgfXmF7FrVu74Q9MKD8KIiIZl8FfBobm33YLgMP68J_umaE-wOT-yY7rBs5jPSjuIJobG0Zzq7mqy3AzjPm-cdUVm4d2aY/s1600/Snow_falling1.gif); background-color: #FFFFFF;">
<!-- Sidebar Sliding Images --->
<marquee class="m1" behavior="scroll" direction="up" scrolldelay="5"> <br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
</marquee>
<marquee class="m2" behavior="scroll" direction="down" scrolldelay="5"><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/JJvYQU" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
<img src="https://goo.gl/ZRA4hR" height="129px" width="35px"/><br><br>
</marquee>
<center>
<!--- Header AdSense code Here (350x60 Display ads)--->
</center>
<center><span style="color: #ff077a;">▁ ▂ ▄ ▅ ▆ ▇Wish Merry Christmas▇ ▆ ▅ ▄ ▂ ▁</center>
<center><p id="demo"></p></center>
<!-------Festival Timer Design------>
<center>
<div class="container">
<div class="main-greeting">
<div align="center html2canvas-ignore">
<div style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: 500; color: Black;">
<div class="main_body"></center>
<!-- Enter Your Name Popup Window -->
<figure><center>
<h1 style="text-transform: uppercase;"><script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
var a=prompt("SK NAJMUL (MUNNA)\n\n👇👇👇👇👇");
document.write(a);
</script> </h1>
<h1 style="text-transform: uppercase;"><script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
document.write(a);
</script> </h1>
<h1 style="text-transform: uppercase;"><script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
document.write(a);
</script> </h1>
<h1 style="text-transform: uppercase;"><script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
document.write(a);
</script></h1>
<h1 style="text-transform: uppercase;"><script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
document.write(a);
</script> </h1>
<h1 style="text-transform: uppercase;"><script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
document.write(a);
</script> </h1>
<h1 style="text-transform: uppercase;"><script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
document.write(a);
</script></h1>
</center></figure>
<!---- Snow falling Images ----->
<div class="vi" style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHi4WZj8I9g52QnWRG3WychoCao8TieNVePWt6IjaffBDN-mgfXmF7FrVu74Q9MKD8KIiIZl8FfBobm33YLgMP68J_umaE-wOT-yY7rBs5jPSjuIJobG0Zzq7mqy3AzjPm-cdUVm4d2aY/s1600/Snow_falling1.gif" class="swing1" alt="Snow" style="width: 100%; height:100px;">
<center>
<!--<h2>Main Center Image</h2>-->
<h3>Wishing You</h3>
<h2>Merry Christmas</h2>
<div class="busi" style="text-align: center;">
<h2> <!----- Wishing Poem Here ----->
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs-HoTjMV_cwhEdhfHyFUDxHP08_iHwc6kEB0hRkg9PQcPPnnnHVvPrSZZjWMHB8eUpUCWtzX2X4pH6SHCfbjZwvSIBesq8zmIlfeAg4t5uKzDIc7Oqy6p7wDMzTIGEe0epaDQXm3H7nA/s1600/christmas.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghsINcfh_xLqSiksJ-9Y-jCWyJRdonnYKQ6LjCwBriu41M1Nawf4t6CbmUiG72hPyIPylhlf6HUHXldXLSNIKvon7_Si5zGPQQjeAD9Oezvj4-00Ym_KY7i2YWoBVw7B15kGAcTFbRgJdO/s320/christmas.png" width="320" height="197" data-original-width="400" data-original-height="246" /></a></div>
</h2>
<p aling="center" style="font-size: 15px;color:#ff0000;"><b>
Christmas is really a time for families to unite.<br>
It is a time to share all the laughter and cheers.<br>
Without you, this family will not be called a family.<br>
You complete our lives. Merry Christmas . . . !!!<br>Merry Christmas<br></b></p>
</div>
<center>
<!-- Center AdSense code Here (Responsive ads)-->
</center>
<!----- Wishing Poem Here ----->
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrzBC-5WDXBjlYt5XJnUa-unl9fH-_tZ4qT6U5ug2IiKnGaE_25Y6299Wj_wI5E2SNZXUj_I8C1_RIr1XcW6H4bOf6qEsDx1-nXYMUKgBbW4JS5YmvZLfBac-6qLpb1c0YEoYKCaBbgeg/s1600/wp.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzF6n9QsG__49OkTXSRiBHleQa1Yexdm2cvIt1dAbnKzmK1z4UyDY54yh-1IeZxS_5VXAQEo5w37WpVz1fQdwTonkQ3I6CBSxOHjMY08JWXrARida_RfyEokQkOLK3pqX0V5D4-0YA3u-n/s320/unnamed+%252825%2529.png" width="320" height="309" data-original-width="280" data-original-height="270" /></a></div>
<div class="busi"><p style="text-transform: uppercase;"> <script type="text/javascript" language="Javascript">
document.write( "By - " +a);
</script><br></p>
<p aling="center" style="font-size: 15px;color:#f05c00;"><b>
May this festive season sparkle and shine,<br>
may all of your wishes and dreams come true,<br>
and may you feel this happiness all year round.<br>
Merry Christmas!<br>Merry Christmas<br></b></p>
<!----Countdown time Setting ---->
<script>
// Set the date we're counting down to
var countDownDate = new Date("December 25, 2022 00:00:00").getTime();
// Update the count down every 01 second
var x = setInterval(function() {
// Get todays date and time
var now = new Date().getTime();
// Find the distance between now an the count down date
var distance = countDownDate - now;
// Time calculations for days, hours, minutes and seconds
var days = Math.floor(distance / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24));
var hours = Math.floor((distance % (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)) / (1000 * 60 * 60));
var minutes = Math.floor((distance % (1000 * 60 * 60)) / (1000 * 60));
var seconds = Math.floor((distance % (1000 * 60)) / 1000);
// Display the result in the element with id="demo"
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = days + "<i> Days,</i> " + hours + " <i>Hrs,</i> "
+ minutes + "<i> Min,</i> " + seconds + "<i> Sec</i> ";
// If the count down is finished, write some text
if (distance < 0) {
clearInterval(x);
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "EXPIRED";
}
}, 1000);
</script>
</div>
</div>
<center>
<!-- Below AdSense Code Here (Link ads) -->
</center>
<br><br>
<center><img src="https://goo.gl/woDVuv" height="70px" width="110px"/>
<br></br>
<!---This Theme Edited and Designed By Munna2388----->
<br></br>
<center>
<a class="footerbtn" href="whatsapp://send?text=*HAPPY MERRY CHRISTMAS 2022* Sent a Special Wishes. Just_Click here to see magic_ -> https://https://fizaengineer.blogspot.com/2022/12/merry-christmas-2022.html/" data-action="share/whatsapp/share">
<img width="22px" height="22px" src="https://goo.gl/ReKHXA"/>
<b style="font-size: 26px;">Share</b>
</a>
<a class="footerbtn1" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://https://fizaengineer.blogspot.com/2022/12/merry-christmas-2022.html/" target="_blank" title="Share this post on Facebook" class="facebook">
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<b style="font-size: 26px;">Share</b>
</a>
</center>
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FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-8808741524256279242022-11-29T19:38:00.004+05:302022-11-29T19:39:20.696+05:30 Five thousands year old Shiva temple now in Pakistan.<p> <b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Five Thousands year old Shiva temple now in Pakistan.</span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEP4XrJhKKn5kn7CxxKGBvYDCcPZfGA1E_deh4Q8RHCJQYodZiVFfFrxtZC7RH3BFO12hHJkWjbE16x06yj3SGW0JgLbygvMcKf_WpBKinK3yF5AVazk34hLFwsgyM9l3-I0Z0SQ1QYKEMF1Ydv4HBYHDsEIMMttRINNAL1d6J-MZdG3fexP5EV2RFZg/s960/five-year-temple-in-pakisthan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Five thousands year old Shiva temple now in Pakistan." border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="960" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEP4XrJhKKn5kn7CxxKGBvYDCcPZfGA1E_deh4Q8RHCJQYodZiVFfFrxtZC7RH3BFO12hHJkWjbE16x06yj3SGW0JgLbygvMcKf_WpBKinK3yF5AVazk34hLFwsgyM9l3-I0Z0SQ1QYKEMF1Ydv4HBYHDsEIMMttRINNAL1d6J-MZdG3fexP5EV2RFZg/w640-h426/five-year-temple-in-pakisthan.jpg" title="Five thousands year old Shiva temple now in Pakistan." width="640" /></a></div><br /><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">After the death of Sati, Shiva is saddened<br />
He couldn't hold back his tears.<br />
He cried so much that, from his tears<br />
Two reservoirs are formed. There was one<br />
Another in Katarasraj, Pakistan<br />
Pushkar in Rajasthan.</p><p dir="ltr"> Located about 40 km from Chakwal district of Pakistan. There are seven or more temples in the temple complex. These seven temples together are also known as Satagraha. This temple is described in Mahabharata. Devadidev Mahadev still cries in the temple or in Sati's birha.<br />
<br />
Indus Civilization. One of the oldest civilizations in the world. Ancient civilization of our country. no A little mistake. Not just us. Apart from India, it is also an ancient civilization of Pakistan. This civilization spread from North East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North West India. Some of the two main cities of this civilization, Harappa and Mohenjodaro, have been excavated in Pakistan. And this Pakistan has one of the oldest Shiva temples in the world. The age of this temple is about five thousand years. It is said that this temple was built during the Mahabharata period. To the devotees this temple is known as Katasraj temple.</p><p>
</p><p dir="ltr"> For Hindus, the greatness of Katasraj temple is immense. Devotees believe that the tank around which the Katasraj temple was built is filled with Lord Shiva's tears. It is said that Devadeva Mahadev lived here with his wife Sati. This water tank located in the temple is also called Kataksha Kund. The water tank and the temple stand still express the anguish of Mahadeva's mind. The word katus means tears.</p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr"><br /></p><p dir="ltr">According to another legend, Panchapandava and Draupadi lived in this place of Naki Katasraj during their 12-year exile. They get thirsty while walking through the forest. Sahadeva first appeared in Kataksha Kund in search of water. Bakarupi Dharma was sitting in the pond. He used to guard that reservoir. Bakarupi Dharma gave him a condition that if he answered his question, Sahadeva would be able to take the water. Due to not agreeing to the terms, Sahadeva died under the wrath of Dharma. One by one the four Pandavas died under the curse of Bak. Finally Yudhisthira went to the monk and answered his question correctly. Bakarupi Dharma was satisfied with Yudhisthira's knowledge and wisdom. and gave back the lives of Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva one by one. The five Pandavas, including Draupadi, were allowed to drink the water of the Kataksha Kund.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0New York, NY, USA40.7127753 -74.005972812.402541463821152 -109.1622228 69.023009136178842 -38.849722799999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-47992308614637907442022-05-06T17:56:00.000+05:302022-05-06T17:56:01.196+05:30Charak Puja and Charak Fair<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">CHARAK PUJA AND CHARAK FAIR</span></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbOjh71-1MA2bT_yDEOwxqfXM_WYKTOHgGxj86-WhO_1EEBqZM0LwCu3EXgG9ThU7u8zNpgkKO9dJoh42nQfERpqv9XjmefYvqSdl3RTilxKmK-H5sUPyZveo3hA7isEcANyRWSy39_yfX7P5y8VaWO0yB4fJRGu90HJ2y4NNSQSkTD0gZazCkXcXiw/s620/Charak%20Puja%20and%20Charak%20Fair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Charak Puja and Charak Fair" border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="620" height="340" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibbOjh71-1MA2bT_yDEOwxqfXM_WYKTOHgGxj86-WhO_1EEBqZM0LwCu3EXgG9ThU7u8zNpgkKO9dJoh42nQfERpqv9XjmefYvqSdl3RTilxKmK-H5sUPyZveo3hA7isEcANyRWSy39_yfX7P5y8VaWO0yB4fJRGu90HJ2y4NNSQSkTD0gZazCkXcXiw/w640-h340/Charak%20Puja%20and%20Charak%20Fair.jpg" title="Charak Puja and Charak Fair" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Charak Puja and Charak Fair....</span></h2><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Charak Puja is one of the most important folk festivals of Hindus in West Bengal and Bangladesh. This puja is performed on the last day of Chaitra and the first two or three days of Boishakh are spent in the festival of Charak puja. There is no mention of this puja in Govindananda's Varshakriyakaumudi and Raghunandan's chronology written in the full fifteenth-sixteenth centuries. However, this festival was prevalent among the Pashupatinath community in ancient times. The practice is not very ancient among the upper class people. It is said that this puja was first started by a king named Sundarananda Tagore in 1485 AD.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Another name of this puja is blue puja. Gambhira Puja or Shiva's Gajan is of this Charak Puja. Charak Puja is celebrated on Chaitrasankranti i.e. on the last day of Chaitra month. The day before, the Charak tree was washed and cleaned. The Shivling, the symbol of Shiva, is kept in a container filled with water, which is known to the worshipers as "Buroshiva". The fallen Brahmin performed the duties of the priest of this puja. Special parts of the puja are crocodile puja, walking on burning embers, jumping on thorns and knives, arrowheads, Shiva's wedding, fire dance, swinging in the charakgacha and dano-barano or hajara puja.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV6NR6GKu7mOQeFfygOxEYSGOUtXen5TeQnjXL4UXIXlbTNdtovuKA0Jhc_yH66480_vWurDE4tEyNbtHsXXDmnUiqjxr1-xeqJqYvjsCaqQ0LIePIHeVnZ3010_yFIV3Lu8lLy81xUXu7wBPfW6zxisbiV1gLzyjZBGwrQdc2RRWDEfn3fDgF3ovg2A/s720/Charak-Puja-and-Charak-Fair.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Charak Puja and Charak Fair" border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="720" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV6NR6GKu7mOQeFfygOxEYSGOUtXen5TeQnjXL4UXIXlbTNdtovuKA0Jhc_yH66480_vWurDE4tEyNbtHsXXDmnUiqjxr1-xeqJqYvjsCaqQ0LIePIHeVnZ3010_yFIV3Lu8lLy81xUXu7wBPfW6zxisbiV1gLzyjZBGwrQdc2RRWDEfn3fDgF3ovg2A/w640-h426/Charak-Puja-and-Charak-Fair.jpg" title="Charak Puja and Charak Fair" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">At the root of all this worship is the belief in ghosts and reincarnation. Its various ceremonies are similar to the human sacrifices practiced in the ancient tribal society. In the festival of worship, many kinds of physical pain are considered as a part of religion. In the charakagache, the devotee or the monk is tied to the wheel with an iron latch and rotated quickly. He was stabbed in the back, arms, legs, tongue and other parts of the body. Sometimes a burning iron rod was pierced over him. Although the British government enacted this law in 175 AD, it is still prevalent among the common people of the village.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The organizers of the puja traveled around the village with a group of a few people. There is one Shiva and two people in the group. One is adorned with a long tail and bright red flowers on his head. Ghungur is on the feet of friends. They are accompanied by drums and brass instruments. Everyone dances to the beat of Siva songs and instruments. They are also called the blue mad team. They go from house to house singing Gajan songs and performing culture songs. Worship is done with whatever is available as a gift in return. Fairs are held in different parts of the country centering on this festival which is called as Charak Sankranti Mela.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fiza Engineer</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0India20.593684 78.962881.7476878483000284 43.80663 39.439680151699974 114.11913tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-67423140348657223462022-03-31T23:49:00.001+05:302022-03-31T23:49:17.058+05:30Theory of Flexure.<h1 style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">Theory of Flexure </span></b></h1><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ld4tEpBfDzDH5G-KFd070bQMnuSmhABFZnx3_3GdJMG40fgfN5rDdO1A1gawd6Wl8rD-ci8LBuhQoeKC6b4off_0uM1CgjE6mB9SkF4QQ3sL6od4UG3x2YdXbTbZudEUHz2Bp7cq5xlsAIk8tqNYVlRJ8x6al46eZSBZfbJxVcUHOuZ9f9J7JW2k6g/s900/theory%20of%20flexure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Theory of flexure" border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="900" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ld4tEpBfDzDH5G-KFd070bQMnuSmhABFZnx3_3GdJMG40fgfN5rDdO1A1gawd6Wl8rD-ci8LBuhQoeKC6b4off_0uM1CgjE6mB9SkF4QQ3sL6od4UG3x2YdXbTbZudEUHz2Bp7cq5xlsAIk8tqNYVlRJ8x6al46eZSBZfbJxVcUHOuZ9f9J7JW2k6g/w640-h390/theory%20of%20flexure.jpg" title="Theory of flexure" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Types of Beams:</span></b></h3><div style="font-size: large; text-align: justify;">Types of Beams A beam is a bar or structural member subjected to transverse loads that tend to bend it. Any structural member acts as a beam if bending is induced by external transverse forces. </div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">1. A</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>simple beam</b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">is a horizontal member that rests on two supports at the ends of the beam. All parts between the supports have free movement in a vertical plane under the influence of vertical loads. </span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">2. A</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>fixed beam</b>,</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">constrained beam, or restrained beam</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">is rigidly fixed at both ends or rigidly fixed at one end and simply supported at the other. </span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">3. A</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>continuous beam</b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">is a member resting on more than two supports. </span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">4. A</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>cantilever beam</b></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">is a member with one end projecting beyond the point of support, free to move in a vertical plane under the influence of vertical loads placed between the free end and the support. </span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhverGDj-k3vS7epSlxMcp1CWL_xNg8VN4_Ob2Ysw7Pu4NH8Q0l_y2rCxxlk9o0HN02wwD76sslB0wy0rpLSU_pu-dP1VPz9ub2CHAUHAEAZxcZQlmrf4kztIS7toF2ICT1m_wvG9JG3Ds20Ac8IKXE9HivkRkyOIqGKsSlEYo6mxEFz9OYOVa4CywHIg/s900/types%20of%20beam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Theory of flexure" border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="900" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhverGDj-k3vS7epSlxMcp1CWL_xNg8VN4_Ob2Ysw7Pu4NH8Q0l_y2rCxxlk9o0HN02wwD76sslB0wy0rpLSU_pu-dP1VPz9ub2CHAUHAEAZxcZQlmrf4kztIS7toF2ICT1m_wvG9JG3Ds20Ac8IKXE9HivkRkyOIqGKsSlEYo6mxEFz9OYOVa4CywHIg/w640-h358/types%20of%20beam.jpg" title="Theory of flexure" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Phenomena of Flexure</span></b></span></h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Phenomena of Flexure When a simple beam bends under its own weight, the fibers on the upper or concave side are shortened, and the stress acting on them is compression; the fibers on the under or convex side are lengthened, and the stress acting on them is tension. In addition, shear exists along each cross section, the intensity of which is greatest along the sections at the two supports and zero at the middle section. </div></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">When a cantilever beam bends under its own weight, the fibers on the upper or convex side are lengthened under tensile stresses; the fibers on the under or concave side are shortened under compressive stresses, the shear is greatest along the section at the support and zero at the free end. </div></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Neutral Surface</b>: </span>The neutral surface is that horizontal section between the concave and convex surfaces of a loaded beam, where there is no change in the length of the fibers and no tensile or compressive stresses acting upon them. </span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Neutral Axis:</b> </span>The neutral axis is the trace of the neutral surface on any cross section of a beam. </span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Elastic Curve:</span> </b>The elastic curve of a beam is the curve formed by the intersection of the neutral surface with the side of the beam, it being assumed that the longitudinal stresses on the fibers are within the elastic limit. </span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Reaction at Support</span></b></h2><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Reactions at Supports The reactions, or upward pressures at the points of support, are computed by applying the fol- lowing conditions necessary for equilibrium of a system of vertical forces in the same plane The algebraic sum of all vertical forces must equal zero; that is, the sum of the reactions equals the sum of the downward loads. The algebraic sum of the moments of all the ver- tical forces must equal zero. Condition applies to cantilever beams and to simple beams uniformly loaded, or with equal concentrated loads placed at equal distances from the center of the beam. In the cantilever beam, the reaction is the sum of all the vertical forces acting downward, comprising the weight of the beam and the superposed loads. In the simple beam each reaction is equal to one-half the total load, consisting of the weight of the beam and the superposed loads. Condition applies to a simple beam not uniformly loaded. The reactions are computed separately, by determining the moment of the several loads about each support. The sum of the moments of the load around one support is equal to the moment of the reaction of the other support around the first support. </div></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Conditions of Equilibrium</span></b></h2><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">Conditions of Equilibrium The fundamental laws for the stresses at any cross section of a beam in equilibrium are: Sum of horizontal tensile stresses = sum of horizontal compressive stresses. Resisting shear = vertical shear. Resisting moment = bending moment.</div></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMq0Yp9Bg-uKGPeiFzqatvJdQtdxRw5FMcJWsiQY0IVqBBXLMQyHK2ZqOl0luOhA88fhhvnFvuxBec25a0iP1Fjl0zCQDoNzLDf0UenamvDNaqlk5V8jv3zWkWOEyzIs58x5XuWk7IYxd0_cwntl-rGOqOfQeS4YZwgKzGB4_4hEoNAvDvPtdpCVnJMg/s900/condition%20equilibirium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Theory of Flexure" border="0" data-original-height="508" data-original-width="900" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMq0Yp9Bg-uKGPeiFzqatvJdQtdxRw5FMcJWsiQY0IVqBBXLMQyHK2ZqOl0luOhA88fhhvnFvuxBec25a0iP1Fjl0zCQDoNzLDf0UenamvDNaqlk5V8jv3zWkWOEyzIs58x5XuWk7IYxd0_cwntl-rGOqOfQeS4YZwgKzGB4_4hEoNAvDvPtdpCVnJMg/w640-h362/condition%20equilibirium.jpg" title="Theory of flexure" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Vertical Shear </span></b></h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">At any cross section of a beam the resultant of the external vertical force sacting on one side of the section is equal and opposite to the resultant of the external vertical forces acting on the other side of the section. These forces tend to cause the beam to shear vertically along the section. The value of either resultant is known as the vertical shear at the section considered. It is computed by finding the algebraic sum of the vertical forces to the left of the section; that is, it is equal to the left reaction minus the sum of the vertical downward forces acting between the left support and the section.</div></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></div><div><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Shear Diagram</span></b></h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: justify;">A shear diagram is a graphic representation of the vertical shear at all cross sections of the beam. Thus in the uniformly loaded simple beam the ordinates to the line represent to scale the intensity of the vertical shear at the corresponding sections of the beam. The vertical shear is greatest at the supports, where it is equal to the reactions, and it is zero at the center of the span. In the cantilever beam the vertical shear is greatest at the point of support, where it is equal to the reaction, and it is zero at the free end. Graphically the vertical shear on all sections of a simple beam carrying two concentrated loads at equal distances from the supports, the weight of the beam being neglected.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Thank you</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sk Najmul (engineer)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fiza Engineer...</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div></div>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0New York, NY, USA40.7127753 -74.005972812.402541463821152 -109.1622228 69.023009136178842 -38.849722799999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-34154596983985637672022-01-18T22:51:00.008+05:302022-01-18T22:51:59.891+05:30Free Logo Maker.
<html lang="en"> <head> <!-- Adsense Ad Code --> <meta charset="UTF-8"></meta> <title> Xoom Free Logo Maker Online</title> <meta content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1" name="viewport"></meta> <meta content="Simply enter a few details about your company and select your design preferences, and our logo creator tool will create the perfect logo for your brand." name="description"></meta> <meta content="your Site URL" property="og:url"></meta> <meta content="article" property="og:type"></meta> <meta content="Logo Maker" property="og:title"></meta> <meta content="Simply enter a few details about your company and select your design preferences, and our logo creator tool will create the perfect logo for your brand." property="og:description"></meta> <meta content="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnZaL0FnEQCkSXBB01sR85t2Nnk_ds3FjhtvvarfDs8HWdjqR_BR5G_kxPzGXtfwmC9ACxReFAL1YNBaOzt_oJM86p2_aCkvaMYeCSZ0YIbRCK4u6uK_XpowOujYrul9m0sgeiXCNTJ2fz/s1600/logof.png" property="og:image"></meta> <!-- Bootstrap CSS --> <link crossorigin="anonymous" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-ggOyR0iXCbMQv3Xipma34MD+dH/1fQ784/j6cY/iJTQUOhcWr7x9JvoRxT2MZw1T" rel="stylesheet"></link> <!-- Other CSS --> <link crossorigin="anonymous" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.8.1/css/solid.css" integrity="sha384-QokYePQSOwpBDuhlHOsX0ymF6R/vLk/UQVz3WHa6wygxI5oGTmDTv8wahFOSspdm" rel="stylesheet"></link> <link crossorigin="anonymous" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.8.1/css/fontawesome.css" integrity="sha384-vd1e11sR28tEK9YANUtpIOdjGW14pS87bUBuOIoBILVWLFnS+MCX9T6MMf0VdPGq" rel="stylesheet"></link> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montez|Lobster|Josefin+Sans|Shadows+Into+Light|Pacifico|Amatic+SC:700|Orbitron:400,900|Rokkitt|Righteous|Dancing+Script:700|Bangers|Chewy|Sigmar+One|Architects+Daughter|Abril+Fatface|Covered+By+Your+Grace|Kaushan+Script|Gloria+Hallelujah|Satisfy|Lobster+Two:700|Comfortaa:700|Cinzel|Courgette|Annie+Use+Your+Telescope|Baloo|Bowlby+One+SC|Bungee+Inline|Cabin+Sketch|Caveat|Contrail+One|Damion|Economica|Fascinate+Inline|Faster+One|Fredericka+the+Great|Gabriela|Just+Another+Hand|Kodchasan|Love+Ya+Like+A+Sister|Megrim|Monoton|Mouse+Memoirs|Podkova|Pompiere|Quicksand|Reenie+Beanie|Rokkitt|Six+Caps|Source+Sans+Pro|Special+Elite|Spicy+Rice|VT323|Wire+One" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"></link>
</head> <body> <div style="margin: 0 auto; width: 900px;"> <div class="jumbotron jumbotron-fluid" style="position: relative;"> <div class="container"> <a href="index.html"><center><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/AlmaLinux_Icon_Logo.png" width="200px" /></center></a> <center><p class="lead">A simple tool for create stylish logo & favicon online</p></center> </div> </div> <div class="input-group input-group-sm mb-3"> <div class="input-group-prepend"> <span class="input-group-text" id="basic-addon1">Icon:</span> </div> <select aria-describedby="basic-addon1" aria-label="icon" class="form-control" id="ico" style="font-family: Arial, 'Font Awesome 5 Free';"> <option value="f2b9">address-book ?</option> <option value="f2bb">address-card ?</option> <option value="f042">adjust ?</option> <option value="f5d0">air-freshener ?</option> <option value="f037">align-center ?</option> <option value="f039">align-justify ?</option> <option value="f036">align-left ?</option> <option value="f038">align-right ?</option> <option value="f461">allergies ?</option> <option value="f0f9">ambulance ?</option> <option value="f2a3">american-sign-language-interpreting ?</option> <option value="f13d">anchor ?</option> <option value="f103">angle-double-down ?</option> <option value="f100">angle-double-left ?</option> <option value="f101">angle-double-right ?</option> <option value="f102">angle-double-up ?</option> <option value="f107">angle-down ?</option> <option value="f104">angle-left ?</option> <option value="f105">angle-right ?</option> <option value="f106">angle-up ?</option> <option value="f556">angry ?</option> <option value="f644">ankh ?</option> <option value="f5d1">apple-alt ?</option> <option value="f187">archive ?</option> <option value="f557">archway ?</option> <option value="f358">arrow-alt-circle-down ?</option> <option value="f359">arrow-alt-circle-left ?</option> <option value="f35a">arrow-alt-circle-right ?</option> <option value="f35b">arrow-alt-circle-up ?</option> <option value="f0ab">arrow-circle-down ?</option> <option value="f0a8">arrow-circle-left ?</option> <option value="f0a9">arrow-circle-right ?</option>
<option value="f0aa">arrow-circle-up ?</option> <option value="f063">arrow-down ?</option> <option value="f060">arrow-left ?</option> <option value="f061">arrow-right ?</option> <option value="f062">arrow-up ?</option> <option value="f0b2">arrows-alt ?</option> <option value="f337">arrows-alt-h ?</option> <option value="f338">arrows-alt-v ?</option> <option value="f2a2">assistive-listening-systems ?</option> <option value="f069">asterisk ?</option> <option value="f1fa">at ?</option> <option value="f558">atlas ?</option> <option value="f5d2">atom ?</option> <option value="f29e">audio-description ?</option> <option value="f559">award ?</option> <option value="f77c">baby ?</option> <option value="f77d">baby-carriage ?</option> <option value="f55a">backspace ?</option> <option value="f04a">backward ?</option> <option value="f7e5">bacon ?</option> <option value="f24e">balance-scale ?</option> <option value="f05e">ban ?</option> <option value="f462">band-aid ?</option> <option value="f02a">barcode ?</option> <option value="f0c9">bars ?</option> <option value="f433">baseball-ball ?</option> <option value="f434">basketball-ball ?</option> <option value="f2cd">bath ?</option> <option value="f244">battery-empty ?</option> <option value="f240">battery-full ?</option> <option value="f242">battery-half ?</option> <option value="f243">battery-quarter ?</option> <option value="f241">battery-three-quarters ?</option> <option value="f236">bed ?</option> <option value="f0fc">beer ?</option> <option value="f0f3">bell ?</option> <option value="f1f6">bell-slash ?</option> <option value="f55b">bezier-curve ?</option> <option value="f647">bible ?</option> <option value="f206">bicycle ?</option> <option value="f1e5">binoculars ?</option> <option value="f780">biohazard ?</option> <option value="f1fd">birthday-cake ?</option> <option value="f517">blender ?</option> <option value="f6b6">blender-phone ?</option> <option value="f29d">blind ?</option> <option value="f781">blog ?</option> <option value="f032">bold ?</option> <option value="f0e7">bolt ?</option> <option value="f1e2">bomb ?</option> <option value="f5d7">bone ?</option>
<option value="f55c">bong ?</option> <option value="f02d">book ?</option> <option value="f6b7">book-dead ?</option> <option value="f7e6">book-medical ?</option> <option value="f518">book-open ?</option> <option value="f5da">book-reader ?</option> <option value="f02e">bookmark ?</option> <option value="f436">bowling-ball ?</option> <option value="f466">box ?</option> <option value="f49e">box-open ?</option> <option value="f468">boxes ?</option> <option value="f2a1">braille ?</option> <option value="f5dc">brain ?</option> <option value="f7ec">bread-slice ?</option> <option value="f0b1">briefcase ?</option> <option value="f469">briefcase-medical ?</option> <option value="f519">broadcast-tower ?</option> <option value="f51a">broom ?</option> <option value="f55d">brush ?</option> <option value="f188">bug ?</option> <option value="f1ad">building ?</option> <option value="f0a1">bullhorn ?</option> <option value="f140">bullseye ?</option> <option value="f46a">burn ?</option> <option value="f207">bus ?</option> <option value="f55e">bus-alt ?</option> <option value="f64a">business-time ?</option> <option value="f1ec">calculator ?</option> <option value="f133">calendar ?</option> <option value="f073">calendar-alt ?</option> <option value="f274">calendar-check ?</option> <option value="f783">calendar-day ?</option> <option value="f272">calendar-minus ?</option> <option value="f271">calendar-plus ?</option> <option value="f273">calendar-times ?</option> <option value="f784">calendar-week ?</option> <option value="f030">camera ?</option> <option value="f083">camera-retro ?</option> <option value="f6bb">campground ?</option> <option value="f786">candy-cane ?</option> <option value="f55f">cannabis ?</option> <option value="f46b">capsules ?</option> <option value="f1b9">car ?</option> <option value="f5de">car-alt ?</option> <option value="f5df">car-battery ?</option> <option value="f5e1">car-crash ?</option> <option value="f5e4">car-side ?</option> <option value="f0d7">caret-down ?</option> <option value="f0d9">caret-left ?</option> <option value="f0da">caret-right ?</option> <option value="f150">caret-square-down ?</option>
FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0United Kingdom55.378051 -3.43597327.067817163821154 -38.592223 83.688284836178838 31.720277tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-88966923165617583582022-01-12T18:03:00.002+05:302022-01-12T18:03:37.505+05:30Instagram Hash Tags Generate Now.
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
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<form action="" id="autocomplete">
<label>
<span>Instagram HashTags Finder:</span>
<input id="keyword" name="keyword" type="text" />
</label>
<label>
<input id="alpha" name="iterate-alpha" type="checkbox" />
<span></span>
</label>
<label>
<input name="numbers" type="checkbox" />
<span></span>
</label>
<button type="submit">Generate Now!</button>
<meter id="progress-meter" max="1" value="0"></meter>
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<div id="results"></div>
<br /><br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">One-Click Instagram Hash Tags Finder Online</h2><div><br /></div><div><div>Instagram is a photo-sharing social networking service that allows users to share pictures and videos, as well as follow the activities of other users. It has over 500 million users, and each user can post up to 30 hashtags on a single post. This tool provides a list of all the hashtags a user has used on Instagram.</div><div>Hashtags are used by social media users to categorize their posts by topic, allowing them to be easily found by other users who are interested in that particular topic. </div><div><br /></div><div>Instagram is a social media platform where people can share their photos with friends, family, and the world at large. When uploading a photo to Instagram, users can add hashtags to their posts so that other Instagram users can easily find it. Hashtags are also used on Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, Tumblr, etc. This tool is designed to help you find relevant hashtags on Instagram.</div><div><br /></div><div>Instagram is a well-known social media platform, particularly well-known for its use of hashtags to tag photos. The hash tags are defined as a word or phrase that follows the "#" symbol and is used to categorize photos and other posts. Hashtags have also been known to trend, meaning that they have been used by so many people that they appear at the top of the list of current trends on Instagram. Hashtags are easy to use, but the process of finding the right one can be time-consuming and difficult.</div></div><div><br /></div>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0United States37.09024 -95.7128914.1069104282948459 -130.86914099999998 70.07356957170515 -60.556641000000006tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-85913929796701747802022-01-11T20:04:00.000+05:302022-01-11T20:04:21.844+05:30Free Youtube Video Download Tools
<html> <title>All Format HD YouTube Video Downloader</title> <head> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport"></meta> <meta content="Free online YouTube video downloader to download YouTube videos in MP4 in HD quality with high download speed." name="description"></meta> <meta content="index,follow" name="robots"></meta> <meta content="Free online YouTube video downloader to download YouTube videos in MP4 in HD quality with high download speed." name="keywords"></meta> <meta content="text/html;charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"></meta> <link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.3/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"></link> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.3/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.3/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"></link> <link href="favicon.png" rel="icon" sizes="16x16" type="image/png"></link> <style> * { margin: 0; padding: 0; } .mt-5, .my-5 { margin-top: 0rem!important; } #hd { width:100%; height:390px; margin:0 0 50px 0; } .custom-shape-divider-bottom-1610026357 { position: absolute; bottom: 0;
left: 0; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0; transform: rotate(0deg); } .custom-shape-divider-bottom-1610026357 svg { position: relative; display: block; width: calc(100% + 1.3px); height: 0px; } .custom-shape-divider-bottom-1610026357 .shape-fill { fill: #FFFFFF; } </style> </head> <body> <div style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #fff, #fff); min-height: 99vh; position: relative;"> <div id="hd"> <div class="col-md-6 offset-md-3 mt-5"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-header bg-info"> <center><h5>All HD Format YouTube Free Video Downloader</h5> </center></div> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="form-group"> <label class="text-weight"><b>Enter YouTube Video Link:</b></label> <input class="form-control link" name="link" required="" type="txt" /> </div> </div> </div> <form class="form-download"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12">
<div class="form-group"> <label class="text-weight"><b>Select Video Format:</b></label> <select class="form-control formte" required=""> <option disabled="" selected="">Select Video Formate</option> <option value="mp3">Mp3</option> <option value="mp4a">144 Mp4</option> <option value="360">360 Mp4</option> <option value="480">480 Mp4</option> <option value="720">720 Mp4</option> <option value="1080">1080 Mp4</option> <option value="4k">4k Mp4</option> <option value="8k">8k Mp4</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="form-group mt-4 download-video"> <button class="btn btn-success btn-block click-btn-down" type="submit">Download Click Here</button> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="custom-shape-divider-bottom-1610026357"> <svg data-name="Layer 1" preserveaspectratio="none" viewbox="0 0 1200 120" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path class="shape-fill" d="M321.39,56.44c58-10.79,114.16-30.13,172-41.86,82.39-16.72,168.19-17.73,250.45-.39C823.78,31,906.67,72,985.66,92.83c70.05,18.48,146.53,26.09,214.34,3V0H0V27.35A600.21,600.21,0,0,0,321.39,56.44Z"></path> </svg> </div> </div> </div></body>
<script type="text/javascript"> $(".click-btn-down").click(function(){ var link = $(".link").val(); var fromate = $(".formte").children("option:selected").val(); var src =""+link+"="+fromate+""; downloadVideo(link,fromate); }); function downloadVideo(link,fromate) { $('.download-video').html('<iframe style="width:100%;height:60px;border:0;overflow:hidden;" scrolling="no" src="https://loader.to/api/button/?url='+link+'&f='+fromate+'"></iframe>'); } </script> <br/> <p> </p><p><br /></p><p>Download free all format YouTube HD videos with our free online YouTube HD video downloader, you can download MP3, AVI, MP4, WEBM videos by using our free HD YouTube video downloader tool, to view the videos on YouTube, you can download them to your computer. In the past, you needed to go to the website of the video maker and download the video that you want, but this has changed. Now, you can download the videos from your computer without having to go to a website. You can also save the videos to your hard drive or to a thumb drive, so you can watch them when you want to.</p><p>The internet has become a dominant force in society, and its use is constantly growing. Almost every modern person has access to the internet through a computer, tablet, or smartphone; and this widespread usage has led to the rise of online video sharing platforms such as YouTube. Simply by searching the term ìHow toî on YouTube, one can find hundreds of thousands of results demonstrating any number of processes and procedures.</p><p>Many people use YouTube to watch videos in order to learn about anything from cooking to knitting, and they do this with videos of extremely high quality. However, not all videos are created equal, and while each video may have its own qualities, some videos are better than others; they are produced by experts, they feature great quality, and they are well structured. Here are some of the most important things to look for when watching videos online.</p><p>These videos are usually made for the purpose of either entertainment or educational purposes. This is because the videos are made with the intention of being viewed by a large audience. The audience is also able to use it for their own personal uses. For example, one may use a video to teach a friend how to do something, or they may use a video to get a certain type of job.</p><p>Some of these videos are useful for their intended purpose, but many are simply ineffective, or even dangerous. For instance, in the past, YouTube has allowed advertisers to place advertisements on videos, which can be very beneficial to businesses if they are shown when the viewer is searching for something specific. Unfortunately, some of the videos that are shown on YouTube are the kinds of videos that are very inappropriate. For example, some videos have been shown which are related to self-harm and
FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-35734982279782746362021-12-12T23:45:00.003+05:302021-12-12T23:50:36.799+05:30Fretting and Wear.<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">FRETTING AND WEAR </span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_pI1RU0-rFbVfOgDFQQ4b6f80Rmro7AtzUs6jmOpYOTis2675iYlA5FiCILYXIooHp5th1ZZHN4jIJy0Ob2KbeeG6qLPyp_yXWBDesowZu1xV5A6stsBOS7wsb07PhbyiSDC30pTX4aZ_SGCHSCfi3fOKsISwRrW4RHXRffCaYG9-40inD2ot5mpzrQ=s900" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fretting and Wear" border="0" data-original-height="860" data-original-width="900" height="612" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh_pI1RU0-rFbVfOgDFQQ4b6f80Rmro7AtzUs6jmOpYOTis2675iYlA5FiCILYXIooHp5th1ZZHN4jIJy0Ob2KbeeG6qLPyp_yXWBDesowZu1xV5A6stsBOS7wsb07PhbyiSDC30pTX4aZ_SGCHSCfi3fOKsISwRrW4RHXRffCaYG9-40inD2ot5mpzrQ=w640-h612" title="Fretting and Wear" width="640" /></a></div><br /><h2><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Theory of Fretting and Wear</span></h2><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Fretting and wear share many common characteristics but, at the same time, are distinctly different in several ways. Basically, fretting action has, for many years, been defined as a combined mechanical and chemical action in which contacting surfaces of two solid bodies are pressed together by a normal force and are caused to execute oscillatory sliding relative motion, wherein the magnitude of normal force is great enough and the amplitude of the oscillatory sliding motion is small enough to significantly restrict the flow of fretting debris away from the originating site. More recent definitions of fretting action have been broadened to include cases in which contacting surfaces periodically separate and then reengage as well as cases in which the fluctuating friction-induced surface tractions produce stress fields that may ultimately result in failure. The complexities of fretting action have been discussed by numerous investigators, who have postulated the combination of many mechanical, chemical,thermal, and other phenomena that interact to produce fretting. Among the postulated phenomena are plastic deformation caused by surface asperities plowing through each other, welding and tearing of contacting asperities, shear and rupture of asperities, friction-generated subsur face shearing stresses, dislodging of particles and corrosion products at the surfaces, chemical reactions, debris accumulation and entrapment, abrasive action, microcrack initiation, and surface delamination.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Damage to machine parts due to fretting action may be manifested as corrosive surface damage due to fretting corrosion, loss of proper fit or change in dimensions due to fretting wear, or accelerated fatigue failure due to fretting fatigue. Typical sites of fretting damage include interference fits; bolted, keyed, splined, and riveted joints; points of contact between wires in wire ropes and flexible shafts; friction clamps; small-amplitude-of-oscillation bearings of all kinds; contacting surfaces between the leaves of leaf springs; and all other places where the conditions of fretting persist. Thus, the efficiency and reliability of the design and operation of a wide range of mechanical systems are related to the fretting phenomenon.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Wear may be defined as the undesired cumulative change in dimensions caused by the gradual removal of discrete particles from contacting surfaces in motion, due predominantly to mechanical action. It should be further recognized that corrosion often interacts with the wear process to change the character of the surfaces of wear particles through reaction with the environment. Wear is, in fact, not a single process but a number of different processes that may take place by themselves or in combination. It is generally accepted that there are at least five major subcategories of wear including adhesive wear, abrasive wear, corrosive wear, surface fatigue wear, and deformation wear. In addition, the categories of fretting wear and impact wear have been recognized by wear specialists. Erosion and cavitation are sometimes considered to be categories of wear as well. Each of these types of wear proceeds by a distinctly different physical process and must be separately considered, although the various subcategories may combine their influence either by shifting from one mode to another during different eras in the operational lifetime of a machine or by simultaneous activity of two or more different wear modes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">FRETTING PHENOMENA</span></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Although fretting fatigue, fretting wear, and fretting corrosion phenomena are potential failure </span><span>modes in a wide variety of mechanical systems, and much research effort has been devoted to </span><span>the understanding of the fretting process, there are very few quantitative design data available, </span><span>and no generally applicable design procedure has been established for predicting failure under </span><span>fretting conditions. However, even though the fretting phenomenon is not fully understood </span><span>and a good general model for prediction of fretting fatigue or fretting wear has not yet been </span><span>developed, significant progress has been made in establishing an understanding of fretting and </span><span>the variables of importance in the fretting process. It has been suggested that there may be </span><span>more than 50 variables that play some role in the fretting process. Of these, however, there </span><span>are probably only 8 that are of major importance:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>1.</b> The magnitude of relative motion between the fretting surfaces</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>2. </b>The magnitude and distribution of pressure between the surfaces at the fretting interface</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><b>3.</b> The state of stress, including magnitude, direction, and variation with respect to time </span><span>in the region of the fretting surfaces</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>4.</b> The number of fretting cycles accumulated</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><b>5.</b> The material, and surface condition, from which each of the fretting members is fabri</span><span>cated</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>6. </b>Cyclic frequency of relative motion between the two members being fretted</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>7.</b> Temperature in the region of the two surfaces being fretted</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>8. </b>Atmospheric environment surrounding the surfaces being fretted.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>WEAR PHENOMENA</b></span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>The complexity of the wear process may be better appreciated by recognizing that many vari</span><span>ables are involved, including the hardness, toughness, ductility, modulus of elasticity, yield </span><span>strength, fatigue properties,and structure and composition of the mating surfaces, as well as </span><span>geometry, contact pressure, temperature, state of stress, stress distribution, coefficient of fric</span><span>tion, sliding distance,relative velocity, surface finish, lubricants, contaminants, <br /></span><span> and ambient </span><span>atmosphere at the wearing interface. Clearance versus contact time history of the wearing sur</span><span>faces may also be an important factor in some cases. Although the wear processes are complex,</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><p style="height: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">x</span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0United States37.09024 -95.7128918.780006163821156 -130.869141 65.400473836178847 -60.556641tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-50302245544293946702021-10-19T21:32:00.001+05:302021-10-19T21:32:37.626+05:30The Measurements Of Wear.<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">THE MEASUREMENTS OF WEAR</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjG6yOFs8vqESBzugBqnr8ygWgykvR020T2j4oudPcSZKX1VzdkHrz6DIj8DbRYyF2hvSFjsEmyKcJhSRy7_9wjDXoZMpsEKQyrS5ytMiXSzN3eyvFgVJpoQzAbfUO6sUTVHw8yzyqCJfSpFEyjgczi6peIAEQ8ZiRQky7YHihxAWnRmLcSqW8Jmg-bOw=s900" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Measurements Of Wear" border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="900" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjG6yOFs8vqESBzugBqnr8ygWgykvR020T2j4oudPcSZKX1VzdkHrz6DIj8DbRYyF2hvSFjsEmyKcJhSRy7_9wjDXoZMpsEKQyrS5ytMiXSzN3eyvFgVJpoQzAbfUO6sUTVHw8yzyqCJfSpFEyjgczi6peIAEQ8ZiRQky7YHihxAWnRmLcSqW8Jmg-bOw=w640-h392" title="The Measurements Of Wear" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><br /><b><br /></b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>THE MEASUREMENTS OF WEAR</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wear is the removal of material from one or both of two solid surfaces in relative motion (sliding, rolling, or impact). Wear occurs as a natural consequence and mostly through surface interactions at asperities. Though wear generally refers to material removal, surface damage due to material displacement with no net change in volume or weight is also termed as wear. Wear is a system response; it is not a material property. Interface wear is strongly dominated by operating conditions. Thus the measurement of wear is mainly influenced by the definition of wear that is considered. For the definition of loss of mass, it is possible to measure wear by simply weighing the worn object before and after a wear test. But this does not allow to measure wear if material displaced by wear gets attached to the worn object. Thus there are three basic methods of measuring wear, viz., detection of change in mass, measurement of reduction in the dimension of a worn specimen, and profilometry of the worn object. Measurement of mass change is usually done using a sensitive analytical balance since mass changes in wear are usually small. Reduction in dimensions of the worn object is usually measured by connecting a displacement transducer to the surface of the worn object that is directly above the wear spot. Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) transducers or noncontact inductive proximity probes along with an electronic amplifier are commonly used. The other commonly used technique for evaluation of the worn volume from the wear scar is profilometry where an optical profile projector or a stylus profilometer or a laser scanning profilometer is used. The optical profile projector is based on projecting an image of the object on a screen and measuring the change in dimensions of the worn specimen. In stylus profilometry, a picture of the wear scar is taken and compiled by using several evenly spaced traverses of the stylus over the scar. Then wear is determined from the deepest wear scar profile. In scanning profilometry, light from a laser is focused on the surface to measure the dimensions of the wear scar. Other specialized techniques for wear measurement are thinlayer activation by radioactivity and ultrasonic interference measurements of dimensional changes. Noise emission and thermal emission from a dynamic contact can also be used for recoding changes in wear condition.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6yHTidBdheaLCwSEz7eOT2uk7vXb00SrB79gs9Cnti6MfPPIK5ZD2_o63-UaE6GV-6VIoRbNVEV88UYk9gO0RRYNZaAP7ftzmDZeYaOY0beVkpP3UmjjByJN6g9sq7SsJo5b0Ql4eejQ4CLd2yEAIktSe98XNjPqIVpqw8rNymbKVs8wy5AMojgWZmQ=s900" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Measurements Of Wear" border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="900" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6yHTidBdheaLCwSEz7eOT2uk7vXb00SrB79gs9Cnti6MfPPIK5ZD2_o63-UaE6GV-6VIoRbNVEV88UYk9gO0RRYNZaAP7ftzmDZeYaOY0beVkpP3UmjjByJN6g9sq7SsJo5b0Ql4eejQ4CLd2yEAIktSe98XNjPqIVpqw8rNymbKVs8wy5AMojgWZmQ=w640-h458" title="The Measurements Of Wear" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Many different experimental arrangements are used to study sliding wear. These are usually carried out either to examine the process by which wear takes place or to simulate practical situations to generate design data on wear rates and coefficients of friction. Close control and monitoring of all the variables which may influence wear are essential if the results of a test are to be useful for wider scientific purposes. The geometric arrangements in several common types of wear testing apparatus. For adhesive wear between identical materials, the two surfaces are made of the same material. For abrasive wear testing, one of the surfaces, generally the larger one, is made of abrasive material. Changes in geometries and arrangements are done for testing different mechanisms of wear. For two-body abrasive wear, commercial bonded-abrasive paper or cloth is usually used for the counterface, carrying evenly distributed grit particles of narrow size distribution, bonded to the substrate by a strong resin. In simulating three body abrasion, silica (quartz) particles of a narrow size distribution and from a specified source are fed at a constant rate into the contact region. Schematic diagrams of four types of testing methods for erosive wear. In the jet impingement method particles are accelerated in a fluid stream along a nozzle to strike the target material, which is held some distance from the end of the nozzle at a fixed angle. In the recirculating loop test a two phase flow of particles and fluid is driven around a loop of pipe work where the specimen is kept completely immersed in the flow. In the centrifugal accelerator a continuous stream of particles, generated by circular motion of a rotor, strikes the stationary specimens arranged around the rim after the rotor. In the whirling arm rig two specimens at the ends of a balanced rotor move at high speed through a slowly falling stream of particles, striking them at the peripheral speed of the rotor.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQ0HngJk58y2eNBJ0nBkdw-0Gg1a_WCI0ouez9ZuQt5tXGqWjl2wuIFjuh-bcrnNVjD4ldeXa0oJkmp_arkjSUrq6J20F0woD7Enktn0NUkkIZrTJG_ODKljRPAUMyrqzd2TB6k62sDyUqBoxbLXU16Jmbv0PiBiG0X2ToP84K_CqB6I8vQK20_z7q6w=s900" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Measurements Of Wear" border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="900" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQ0HngJk58y2eNBJ0nBkdw-0Gg1a_WCI0ouez9ZuQt5tXGqWjl2wuIFjuh-bcrnNVjD4ldeXa0oJkmp_arkjSUrq6J20F0woD7Enktn0NUkkIZrTJG_ODKljRPAUMyrqzd2TB6k62sDyUqBoxbLXU16Jmbv0PiBiG0X2ToP84K_CqB6I8vQK20_z7q6w=w640-h462" title="The Measurements Of Wear" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">MEASUREMENT OF TEST ENVIRONMENT</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Many experiments often omit the measurement of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and oxygen and lead to apparent conflict in experimental data. Careful measurement and control of these environmental factors are necessary for tribology experiments.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: x-large;">__Thank You__</span></h1><h1 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">___Fiza Engineer___</span></h1>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0United Kingdom55.378051 -3.43597327.067817163821154 -38.592223 83.688284836178838 31.720277tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-2128920405671375202021-09-26T20:31:00.001+05:302021-09-26T20:31:33.943+05:30Prediction of Long-Term Creep Behavior.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">PREDICTION OF LONG-TERM CREEP BEHAVIOR</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyphenhyphenWG1Ux4mnH2xwbA_msXFl7wSuGNthZCYfw1tli67FmvOnZI63qgsMjsJfiLWt0ALZdmRSqY47AOeTSDGSFQChAQf4T_435Z9wIZNtAUb5fCZ9wORam1aPZ5T9EvOno6Nuhm8rDDqvgzY/s900/Prediction+of+Long-Term+Creep+Behavior.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Prediction of Long-Term Creep Behavior" border="0" data-original-height="639" data-original-width="900" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhyphenhyphenWG1Ux4mnH2xwbA_msXFl7wSuGNthZCYfw1tli67FmvOnZI63qgsMjsJfiLWt0ALZdmRSqY47AOeTSDGSFQChAQf4T_435Z9wIZNtAUb5fCZ9wORam1aPZ5T9EvOno6Nuhm8rDDqvgzY/w640-h454/Prediction+of+Long-Term+Creep+Behavior.jpg" title="Prediction of Long-Term Creep Behavior" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">Prediction of Long-Term Creep Behavior</span></b></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Much time and effort has been expended in attempting to develop good short-time creep tests for accurate and reliable prediction of long-term creep and stress rupture behavior. It appears, however, that really reliable creep data can be obtained only by conducting long-term creep tests that duplicate actual service loading and temperature conditions as nearly as possible. Unfortunately, designers are unable to wait for years to obtain design data needed in creep failure analysis. Therefore, certain useful techniques have been developed for approximating long-term creep behavior based on a series of short-term tests. Data from creep testing may be plotted in a variety of different ways. The basic variables involved are stress, strain, time, temperature, and, perhaps, strain rate. Any two of these basic variables may be selected as plotting coordinates, with the remaining variables treated as parametric constants for a given curve. Three commonly used methods for extrapolating short-time creep data to long-term applications are the abridged method, the mechanical acceleration method, and the thermal acceleration method. In the abridged method of creep testing the tests are conducted at several different stress levels and at the contemplated operating temperature. The data are plotted as creep strain versus time for a family of stress levels, all run at constant temperature. The curves are plotted out to the laboratory test duration and then extrapolated to the required design life. In the mechanical acceleration method of creep testing, the stress levels used in the laboratory tests are significantly higher than the contemplated design stress levels, so the limiting design strains are reached in a much shorter time than in actual service. The data taken in the mechanical acceleration method are plotted as stress level versus time for a family of constant-strain curves all run at a constant temperature. The thermal acceleration method involves laboratory testing at temperatures much higher than the actual service temperature expected. The data are plotted as stress versus time for a family of constant temperatures where the creep strain produced is constant for the whole plot.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is important to recognize that such extrapolations are not able to predict the potential of failure by creep rupture prior to reaching the creep design life. In any testing method it should be noted that creep-testing guidelines usually dictate that test periods of less than 1% of the expected life are not deemed to give significant results. Tests extending to at least 10% of the expected life are preferred where feasible.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">Several different theories have been proposed to correlate the results of short-time elevated-temperature tests with long-term service performance at more moderate temperatures. One of the more accurate and useful of these proposals is the Larson–Miller theory.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Larson–Miller theory that for each combination of material and stress level there exists a unique value of a parameter P that is related to temperature and time by the equation</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"> P = (𝜃 + 460)(C + log10^t)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">where,</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"> P = Larson–Miller parameter, constant for a given material and stress level</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">θ = temperature, ∘F</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">C = constant, usually assumed to be 20</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">t = time in hours to rupture or to reach a specified value of creep strain</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">This equation was investigated for both creep and rupture for some 28 different materials</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">by Larson and Miller with good success. it is a simple matter to find a short-term combination of temperature and time that is equivalent to any desired long-term service requirement. For example, for any given material at a specified stress level the testconditions should be equivalent to the operating conditions.</span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>.....Thank You.....</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></p><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: large;">- FIZA ENGINEER -</span></h4><div><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0New York, NY, USA40.7127753 -74.005972812.402541463821152 -109.1622228 69.023009136178842 -38.849722799999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-5732695367205448322021-09-11T23:41:00.003+05:302021-09-11T23:41:53.148+05:30What is Encapsulation ?<h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-size: large;">WHAT IS ENCAPSULATION</span></h1><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpU0wS1bWzu0vb45E2uiyaNHrvZ6acz5oSCIOFW10kbmRjY1WVQpSp2hNfrGT-YaiaqSXhBHm03lr1QVPMBsM740YzUjAHLOFnPO43TjcNfffhXfKZT3SE58Gkl0Kj0Vior9ovWqd8r4pY/s900/encapsulation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Encapsulation" border="0" data-original-height="846" data-original-width="900" height="602" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpU0wS1bWzu0vb45E2uiyaNHrvZ6acz5oSCIOFW10kbmRjY1WVQpSp2hNfrGT-YaiaqSXhBHm03lr1QVPMBsM740YzUjAHLOFnPO43TjcNfffhXfKZT3SE58Gkl0Kj0Vior9ovWqd8r4pY/w640-h602/encapsulation.jpg" title="What is Encapsulation" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;"><br /></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-size: large;">ENCAPSULATION</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Encapsulation or potting of an electronic component or subassembly is utilized to promote ruggedness, resist harsh environments, provide electrical isolation, and promote improved heat transfer for cooling of the encapsulated components. Encapsulation is also used to seal an assembly to protect proprietary design details from the curious.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A variety of material properties must be considered when selecting an encapsulant. Sometimes the requirements are inconsistent with the range of properties offered by any one material.Of interest are the ability of the material to flow freely and not capture or entrain air bubbles; be lightweight; offer acceptable electrical, thermal, and chemical properties; and resist cutting and abrasion after cure. During cure the material should not produce excessive temperatures or excessive stresses on the encapsulated parts. After cure, the material should not absorb moisture, not produce excessive forces during temperature cycles, be stiff enough to support components and connections, and be able to be removed for purposes of repair.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Some properties of the materials may vary during cure and for some duration following cure. An example would be dielectric strength which may not stabilize until several days after cure.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>At least three primary groups of material formulations are used for encapsulation:</b></span></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Epoxy-Resin-Based Materials. </span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These materials may be formulated for strength and rigidity. The addition of glass microspheres would reduce density, and addition of metal or other powders will increase thermal and electrical conductivity. Epoxy resins are usually two-part mixtures and require strict control of the mixing, pouring, and curing processes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Silicon-Based Materials. </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDxqu9KBWOSSTZRIHrSgYshQyLd91I8A696rqyetVFhjuauNq26BJf7a1ezx_RH48veJzbPNRc1je7iw-WI3JHfpd5IFT9aUI04LeTMunTyIxShPohVV5JDOFt5KDbbQgXl3iSdg3-T_Qm/s900/silicon-based-material.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Encapsulation" border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="900" height="626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDxqu9KBWOSSTZRIHrSgYshQyLd91I8A696rqyetVFhjuauNq26BJf7a1ezx_RH48veJzbPNRc1je7iw-WI3JHfpd5IFT9aUI04LeTMunTyIxShPohVV5JDOFt5KDbbQgXl3iSdg3-T_Qm/w640-h626/silicon-based-material.jpg" title="What is Encapsulation" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /><b><br /></b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These materials are known for having an extended temperature range over which they do not degrade. They tend to remain flexible and are resistant to water. They are either one- or two-part formulations. Some formulations generate acetic acid during cure and may cause corrosion of parts and conductors. Cure time is a function of the thickness and mass of the encapsulant and may require more than one day to achieve full cure.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Polyurethane-Based Materials. </b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">These materials generally consist of a catalyst and resin and require mixing prior to pouring. They tend to remain flexible over a useful temperature range and after cure are of a rubberlike consistency; however, they have less tendency to adhere to components, wires entering the potted volume, and potting box surfaces than an epoxy or silicone encapsulant.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">● Epoxy polymers are used to provide low-cost, high-performance reliability without hermeticity to provide environmental protection for bare circuit chips when used in chip-on-board (COB), ball grid array (BGA), multichip module (MCM), and chip scale packaging (CSP) assemblies.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Data describing the properties of encapsulants may be found on manufacturers’ data sheets; however, this information may be incomplete and sometimes does not relate physical properties to the method of cure and the material thickness. It is often necessary to consult with the technical support personnel of the manufacturer and to perform testing to determine suitability for the intended design goals.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>_Thank you_</b></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>...Fiza Engineer...</b></span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0New York, NY, USA40.7127753 -74.005972812.402541463821152 -109.1622228 69.023009136178842 -38.849722799999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-79088794350908009432021-08-09T00:40:00.000+05:302021-08-09T00:40:42.566+05:30What is Software Design Aids.<h2 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: red;">WHAT IS SOFTWARE DESIGN AIDS</span></h2><h1 style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXU5L6h3wEdRTE-5a6KoHL0_W3bbPksRTDK3_rNyDYHuel1jxwkLXMU4hQ4D1QM2j-cD6440gDHJmZM1cSowPo9_dD9J5SyjHQ_5Uc6FxfvMvrHY5UMlwKDVSdJAWSE6nfN7ArrOQbwFyh/s906/software-design-aids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is software design aids" border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXU5L6h3wEdRTE-5a6KoHL0_W3bbPksRTDK3_rNyDYHuel1jxwkLXMU4hQ4D1QM2j-cD6440gDHJmZM1cSowPo9_dD9J5SyjHQ_5Uc6FxfvMvrHY5UMlwKDVSdJAWSE6nfN7ArrOQbwFyh/w636-h640/software-design-aids.jpg" title="What is software design aids" width="636" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></h1><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Software Design Aids</span></h1><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Selection of Microcomputer Based Design Tools</b></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> A variety of microcomputer design tools are offered on the internet for the purposes of facilitating portions of the electronic packaging design process. The design programs range from freeware and software to large and expensive well documented and supported professional programs.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">The use of capable but less expensive software package offerings must be handled with care to avoid pitfalls that may be experienced by the user.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>For example</b>:-</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• inadequate documentation</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• documentation ineptly translated into English</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• unexplained internal algorithms and assumptions that impact output accuracy</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• awkward input modeling techniques</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• inability to transfer files in a format acceptable other design software programs</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• inability to generate output files suitable for use by three-dimensional printers</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• lack of customer support</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• limited graphics</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• limited availability drivers used to handle a variety of input and plotter devices.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">There are a variety of intermediate size and supported programs that work well for less complex needs Full capability, professional programs are used to assure satisfactory results and are applied to multifaceted, large scale project and critical projects for which there is little tolerance for weak results. These professional programs are often able to support multi-user design team activities.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Consultation with users of design software is an excellent source of reference when investigating various programs, and if a program is acquired, the other users may be able to assist in the choice of software specifically appropriate to the needs of the Electronic Packaging Engineer.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is wise to approach the use of new software packages with caution and to develop confidence in the program by “base lining” by the comparing of program output results to the results of an already solved similar problem.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs1Lo_X4it5q05NhUAqYT57InFLmpCjurDfAdhZfhs3zmgB-mHXZiP31cKfW8K6iQwkkSTQ3uhN_iRJwShe96fOZKVGdSp0_Vzw_0OXOduW84qN5N5nvyzaf8L2e8ckbx5LZYCFUgmV8Dr/s900/Mechanical-design-tools.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is software design aids" border="0" data-original-height="543" data-original-width="900" height="386" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs1Lo_X4it5q05NhUAqYT57InFLmpCjurDfAdhZfhs3zmgB-mHXZiP31cKfW8K6iQwkkSTQ3uhN_iRJwShe96fOZKVGdSp0_Vzw_0OXOduW84qN5N5nvyzaf8L2e8ckbx5LZYCFUgmV8Dr/w640-h386/Mechanical-design-tools.jpg" title="What is software design aids" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><b>Mechanical Design Tools</b></span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Within the array of mechanical design tools the descriptive marketing rhetoric often minimizes the effort required to achieve efficient productivity. As a general rule, the more versatile the program, the more training and customer support that is required to achieve proficiency. Insome cases it becomes necessary to attend initial and annual training courses for the specific program including using consultants who are trained in the use of the specific software package. Finite element modeling including component geometrical mesh development may be needed to achieve refined prediction of static and dynamic deformation information resulting from anticipated service loads.</span></p><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5YdDcRgb9qcM-YzvxEA4DgfYtbPf6h4zFJ0BLRxyqnzPYzeZGEGhJQYRLPUTNW6__IAPZBf1Cw2gF42yXjLbHCK2e6OGsVMZ5TSVtuQR27iQB1BQ94Y67KxaUmWDXBa4NCozd6wfc4g-U/s900/circuit-board-design-tools.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is software design aids" border="0" data-original-height="885" data-original-width="900" height="630" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5YdDcRgb9qcM-YzvxEA4DgfYtbPf6h4zFJ0BLRxyqnzPYzeZGEGhJQYRLPUTNW6__IAPZBf1Cw2gF42yXjLbHCK2e6OGsVMZ5TSVtuQR27iQB1BQ94Y67KxaUmWDXBa4NCozd6wfc4g-U/w640-h630/circuit-board-design-tools.jpg" title="What is software design aids" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h4><h4 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">Circuit Board Design Tools</span></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">A variety of printed circuit (or printed wiring) board design programs are available to aid in the practice of circuit board design. These same programs are often used in the design of flexible circuits, membrane switches, and similar devices. Available programs range from free (limited, no support), versions offered by board manufacturing houses with output files only useful for the offering board manufacturer, through programs which offer varying degrees of design capabilities, vendor support and documentation. There are also midrange programs of modest capabilities which are often sufficient to meet the requirements of many circuit board design tasks. Circuit board programs vary in complexity and the potential user should form a list of minimum requirements and then select a program that best fits the user’s needs. Listed below are some of the more important characteristics that may be offered by circuit board design programs.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the number of components that can be employed</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the number of circuit layers</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the minimum line and space widths</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the ability to provide hidden vias</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the maximum size of a circuit board</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the sophistication of any auto-routing and parts placement features</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the ability to set design rules and to run design rule checking</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the ease with which fabrication files may be generated (Gerber files, drill files, silkscreen files, solder fill patterns)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• The ability to edit Gerber files on existing boards</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the ease with which the designer may create or modify the library of component electrical, mechanical and performance descriptions</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• The ability to enter electrical characteristics of components and to employ the descriptions in circuit performance prediction and analysis routine the ability to create and revise schematics</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the ability of the program to automatic forward and back-annotate between schematic and artwork files when changes are made</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the ability to view net connectivity and edit nets by splitting, merging, and gate reassignment between nets, and deletion of components</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the generation of materials lists</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">• the ability to provide assembly drawing graphics.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Regardless of the program employed there are several details that require attention to avoid a ruined board. The design of s board is dependent on the quality of the part device libraries which exist to create, define and store schematic symbols and the associated layout artwork patterns.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">...Thank You...</span></h2><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">-: FIZA ENGINEER :-</span></h2>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0New York, NY, USA40.7127753 -74.005972812.402541463821152 -109.1622228 69.023009136178842 -38.849722799999995tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-43465856418087394382021-06-25T14:32:00.002+05:302021-07-24T10:26:49.697+05:30Types of Failures and Analyzing Failures.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">TYPES OF FAILURES AND ANALYZING FAILURES</span></h1><h2 style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV-11eSBbIE9yNt796wircgIDVpvrYPWajMBFyZYKS1pUanP3CwlYzwX5MZxwSGbygSTWazA5OfB6719TTNXLYIS9S8MtckID6WTF9Z4F_zYoBKQlbyMwFdtb1hoPmOt13PRh9mdQ7caJ2/s900/Types+of+Failure.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of Failures and Analyzing Failures" border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="900" height="568" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV-11eSBbIE9yNt796wircgIDVpvrYPWajMBFyZYKS1pUanP3CwlYzwX5MZxwSGbygSTWazA5OfB6719TTNXLYIS9S8MtckID6WTF9Z4F_zYoBKQlbyMwFdtb1hoPmOt13PRh9mdQ7caJ2/w640-h568/Types+of+Failure.jpg" title="Types of Failures and Analyzing Failures" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></h2><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">TYPES OF FAILURES :</span></h2><p><b><span style="font-size: large;">1. Mechanical Failure</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Mechanical failure arises from applied external forces which, when they exceed the yield strength of the material, cause the product to deform, crack, or break into pieces. The force may have been applied in tension, compression, and impact for a short or a long period of time at varying temperatures and humidity conditions.</span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: large;">2. Thermal Failure</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Thermal failures occur from exposing products to an extremely hot or extremely cold environment. At abnormally high temperatures the product may warp, twist, melt, or even burn. Plastics tend to get brittle at low temperatures. Even the slightest amount of load may cause the product to crack or even shatter.</span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: large;">3. Chemical Failure</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Very few plastics are totally impervious to all chemicals. Failure occurring from exposing the products to certain chemicals is quite common. Residual or molded-in stress, high temperatures, and external loading tend to aggravate the problem. Figure 7 illustrates failure of a product from chemical attack.</span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: large;">4. Environmental Failure</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Plastics exposed to outdoor environments are susceptible to many types of detrimental factors. Ultraviolet rays, humidity, microorganisms, ozone, heat, and pollution are major environmental factors that seriously affect plastics. The effect can be a mere loss of color, slight crazing and cracking, or complete breakdown of the polymer structure. A typical product failure arising from weathering effects is shown in </span></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">ANALYZING FAILURES :</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">The first step in analyzing any type of failure is to determine the cause of the failure. Before proceeding with elaborate tests, some basic information regarding the product must be gathered.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwV3VYST5revTXl9o15s4PhNbLVjSAfrlCKn08AAifcwGUv-EqoXLyQ4_PXwI-bdDxnW-K7q8k0TWq_UdILnZbD0okFGFMx2OaokvK50Po9A9Gu0ehFWcUKidXPTtgTPmzFvOgOxDXadkA/s900/Analyzing+failures.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of Failures and Analyzing Failures" border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="900" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwV3VYST5revTXl9o15s4PhNbLVjSAfrlCKn08AAifcwGUv-EqoXLyQ4_PXwI-bdDxnW-K7q8k0TWq_UdILnZbD0okFGFMx2OaokvK50Po9A9Gu0ehFWcUKidXPTtgTPmzFvOgOxDXadkA/w640-h480/Analyzing+failures.jpg" title="Types of Failures and Analyzing Failures" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">If the product is returned from the field, the district manager or consumer should be asked for basic information such as the date of purchase, date of installation, date when the first failure encountered, geographic location, types of chemicals used with or around the product, and whether the product was used indoors or outdoors. This information is vital if one is to analyze the defective product proficiently. For example, if the report from the field indicates a certain type of chemical was used with the product, one can easily check the chemical compatibility of the product or go one step further and simulate the actual-use condition with that chemical.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">Recordkeeping also simplifies the task of failure analysis. A simple date code or cavity identification number will enhance the traceability. Many types of checklists to help analyze the failures have been developed. Ten basic methods are employed to analyze product failure,</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">1. Visual examination</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">2. Identification analysis</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">3. Stress analysis</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">4. Heat reversion technique</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">5. Microtoming (microstructural analysis)</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">6. Mechanical testing</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">7. Thermal analysis</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">8. Nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">9. Fractography</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">10. Simulation testing</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">By zeroing in on the type of failure, one can easily select the appropriate method of failure analysis.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><u>THANK YOU</u></b></span></span></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-large;"> ................FIZA ENGINEER..............</b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-large;"><br /></b></span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Kolkata, West Bengal, India22.572646 88.363895000000014-5.7375878361788466 53.207645000000014 50.882879836178844 123.52014500000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-2719111535548004682021-06-12T23:15:00.002+05:302021-06-13T00:04:46.748+05:30Corrosion and Coatings for Protection.<h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">Corrosion And Coatings For Protection</span></h3><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2nZo034guyZQ8RnrRFnB9E8Jgs0UVHDp0q6puvAE7J1ET_pOAunDm6E5lyhG71XcsQZdnpPVHaDrtGQvGxPtfU8MeydxtC8HszBYezGyEBBVXfDYmRvofJlVilKaWKZ7cdAarMVl_mU4x/s900/corrosion-coating-protection.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Corrosion and Coatings for Protection." border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="900" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2nZo034guyZQ8RnrRFnB9E8Jgs0UVHDp0q6puvAE7J1ET_pOAunDm6E5lyhG71XcsQZdnpPVHaDrtGQvGxPtfU8MeydxtC8HszBYezGyEBBVXfDYmRvofJlVilKaWKZ7cdAarMVl_mU4x/w640-h534/corrosion-coating-protection.jpg" title="Corrosion and Coatings for Protection." width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Initial superalloys were intended to have both strength and adequate oxidation resistance, and this was accomplished with superalloys which contained upward of 20 wt % chromium. Oxidation resistance up to temperatures around 982∘C (1800∘F) was excellent. However, as suggested earlier, in order to increase the design flexibility of nickel based superalloys, chromium con-tent was reduced so that more hardener could be added. Concurrently, some superalloys were put into service in environments (e.g., marine salts) that intensified oxidation or ion-induced attack such as hot corrosion. Also, the operating temperatures (surface environment tempera tures) to which the alloys are exposed in the most dem</span><span>anding high-temperature conditions have increased with the strength capability increases of the available alloys.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">At higher temperatures, the chromium oxide formed during prior heat treatment is less protective and does not regenerate with exposure to high temperatures. General oxidation and intergranular oxidation along the grain boundaries of superalloys are a problem with chromium-protected superalloys, However, the problem is not as great as initially anticipated owing to the protective nature of aluminum oxide formed in greater amounts by the higher aluminum values of second- and third-generation gamma-prime-hardened superalloys. Neverthe less, general oxidation still occurs and causes reduced cross sections, thus effectively increasing stresses on the remaining material. Grain boundary oxidation creates notches. The combination of these events is of concern, and to protect against them, coatings are applied to superalloys.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">The early coatings were diffusion coatings produced by pack aluminizing or slurry application. Chemistry of the coating was determined by the chemistry of the alloy. Later coatings were produced by overlaying a specific chemistry of a protective nature on the surface of the component using physical vapor deposition. Diffusion-type coatings can coat internal (non-line-of-sight) surfaces while the overlay coatings can only coat external surfaces that can be seen by the coating apparatus. Diffusion coatings are cheaper and, for a given thickness, probably nearly as protective as overlay coatings. Diffusion coatings are used to coat internal cooling passages in hot-section airfoils. Some commercial diffusion coating processes are available, but most overlay coating processes are proprietary, having been developed by superalloy users such as the aircraft gas turbine manufacturers. However, overlay coatings can be made nearly twice as thick as the diffusion coatings so overlay coatings often are the coatings of choice for turbine airfoil applications. Overlay coatings also have the advantage of the ability to alloy the coating with various elements that can enhance oxidation behavior. The added thickness of overlay coatings lends itself to better oxidation performance but reduces the component thermal fatigue life.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Overlay coatings are generally more expensive than diffusion coatings. Some diffusion coatings are deposited in conjunction with precious metals such as gold or platinum. There are significant benefits to this incorporation of the noble metals in the coating if the application can justify the increased cost. Overlay coatings can be applied by various processes such as electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) and plasma spray (PS). In EBPVD, a container of alloy powder or an alloy ingot is vaporized by an electron beam while the part to be coated is suspended above the vapor source. The thickness of coating is determined by the time of part exposure and the temperature of the vessel. In PS, alloy powder is transformed into high-temperature plasma by an electrical arc and propelled toward the component to be coated by a carrier gas. This PS process uses less material than EBPVD. These processes can also be used to apply thermal barrier ceramic coatings which can act as a heat shield onto metallic overlay coatings. Owing to the physics of the deposition processes, the chemistry of the coating ingot or powder may differ from the final deposited coating chemistry.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Coating and corrosion technology are complex and do not lend themselves to a simple overall description and formula for protection. Hot-corrosion phenomena are found below a nominal temperature of 927∘C (1700∘F). Coatings and higher chromium content in an alloy.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">A Guide to Engineering Selection of Superalloys for Design </span></b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">inhibit surface attack. Coatings, in general, preserve the surface so that a component may be reused by removing and then restoring the coating.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">Coating selection is based on knowledge of oxidation/corrosion behavior in laboratory, pilot plant, and field tests. Attributes that are required for successful coating selection include:</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">• High resistance to oxidation and/or hot corrosion</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">• Ductility sufficient to provide adequate resistance to TMF</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">• Compatibility with the base alloys</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">• Low rate of interdiffusion with the base alloy</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">• Ease of application and low cost relative to improvement in component life</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">• Ability to be stripped and reapplied without significant reduction of base-metal dimensions or degradation of base-metal properties.</span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Kolkata, West Bengal, India22.572646 88.363895000000014-5.7375878361788466 53.207645000000014 50.882879836178844 123.52014500000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-83049455495285206692021-05-28T11:25:00.001+05:302021-05-28T11:25:29.334+05:30History of Nineteenth-century Operation theater.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="color: red;">HISTORY OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY OPERATION THEATER</span></b></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSri85atAAbn8YJcmSMQ5-CgseQYO77txzzj5mQoJUojwEoSFhyphenhyphen6PDAsmKtdHH38pSJvsVasuOivBoaAnSx068x3KbcUyfv3svv9Rn-fEWoRvSRfGP05gKcmhZe3Pw1ACaHH2AHSe3PPbp/s900/Nineteenth-century-operation-theater.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of Nineteenth-century Operation theater." border="0" data-original-height="528" data-original-width="900" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSri85atAAbn8YJcmSMQ5-CgseQYO77txzzj5mQoJUojwEoSFhyphenhyphen6PDAsmKtdHH38pSJvsVasuOivBoaAnSx068x3KbcUyfv3svv9Rn-fEWoRvSRfGP05gKcmhZe3Pw1ACaHH2AHSe3PPbp/w640-h376/Nineteenth-century-operation-theater.jpg" title="History of Nineteenth-century Operation theater." width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Nineteenth-century operation theater</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Their environment was dirty, indescribable</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Crying cries of patients in pain</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">The shouting was horrible,</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Anesthetics were not used then.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">In the nineteenth century, speed was more important than skill in the absence of anesthetics. His success and reputation depended on how quickly a surgeon could perform the surgery. As a result, many surgeons who had no educational qualifications became famous at that time. One such famous surgeon was Robert Liston, who had a reputation for amputating an injured patient's leg in just 30 seconds!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">During one infamous operation, he dismembered a patient so quickly that one of his assistants' fingers was cut off by a sharp weapon and a spectator's coat was torn. Reportedly, the visitor died of fear, while the patient and assistant had a gangrene infection!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Another patient approached Liston to remove the bladder stone and, fearing the operation theater environment and Lister's quickness, entered the bathroom and locked the door. Liston, who was 6 feet 2 inches tall, broke down the bathroom door and pulled her out, tied her to the bed and then performed the surgery.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">In the nineteenth century physicians had no clear idea about microscopic germs and the mechanism of their transmission. The doctors were not aware of the fact that the patient could die due to such microorganisms. As a result, insects and worms roamed around the patients in the hospital rooms. Some hospitals, however, hired staff to eradicate the insects. In some cases the salaries of these employees were higher than those of surgeons!</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">In those days doctors wore blood-stained aprons. Far from changing aprons, they didn't even clean their blood-stained hands in the middle of multiple surgeries. He used to operate one by one with the same knife and scissors. They had the idea that after cleaning it will take blood again, then what is the benefit of cleaning! Another reason for not cleaning the blood of the apron was that the more blood there was in the apron, the more demanding the surgeon was.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicrt_Ycsup-uhpw4LqoHeq9zqNIsh8ZvGbMwHOIWCmQj4IUYUdrDhAbvVHGyrmu7q451Z2ssrz58hBXbUkcloqlIlm3VvURDrjUYxPsMDMNOBb8dbc3fOJbRStrpmNIBLLcjtLgumfujAL/s900/1900th+years+operation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of Nineteenth-century Operation theater." border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="900" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicrt_Ycsup-uhpw4LqoHeq9zqNIsh8ZvGbMwHOIWCmQj4IUYUdrDhAbvVHGyrmu7q451Z2ssrz58hBXbUkcloqlIlm3VvURDrjUYxPsMDMNOBb8dbc3fOJbRStrpmNIBLLcjtLgumfujAL/w640-h564/1900th+years+operation.jpg" title="History of Nineteenth-century Operation theater." width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Most patients died of anemia or post-operative infections. Patients' chances of survival after surgery were so low that hospitals often forced patients to pay in advance. In some London hospitals, the post-operative mortality rate at that time was more than 60 percent.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">In that era, surgery was a spectacular affair. Many people went to the hospital to see the surgeries because they were excited about the progress of medical science at that time. But before the invention of television and cinema, many people flocked to hospitals to enjoy the life-and-death struggle. There were also arrangements to show the operation by cutting tickets in some hospitals.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">Patients had to endure indescribable suffering at that time as there was no anesthetic. Fitzgerald found in his research that not only patients, but also surgeons often broke down and started crying when they saw their pain and screams. In a letter to her daughter, a woman who underwent such surgery in 1840 described the operation as a battle to the death. He said that before the operation, the surgeon came to his room and showed him the knife and told him to be ready for death.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">In the late nineteenth century, surgical technology began to improve. In 1848, John Collins Warren was the first to operate on anesthesia at the Massachusetts General Hospital using ether gas. As a result, instead of a quick operation in front of the surgeons, the way is opened for a complex operation with a slow and healthy head. But at first there was no benefit for a long time. Rather the result was more negative. Because long-term surgery meant cutting down on the germs and giving them more time to spread to the wound.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2C1e35lh6wUKgPCTiLycnMQ7KUz1rGJlCPjvJkq95KY-aRDUKiDSgj3xXJ-N-Z8pKmFjpP2nyKjpdqIC0ShVDN003B3fSl3EQ1zK19NJiLdXcW7RNa0nN92LI9dOr57YWBOTgqZq-V8xV/s900/history+of+nineteenth+century.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="History of Nineteenth-century Operation theater." border="0" data-original-height="767" data-original-width="900" height="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2C1e35lh6wUKgPCTiLycnMQ7KUz1rGJlCPjvJkq95KY-aRDUKiDSgj3xXJ-N-Z8pKmFjpP2nyKjpdqIC0ShVDN003B3fSl3EQ1zK19NJiLdXcW7RNa0nN92LI9dOr57YWBOTgqZq-V8xV/w640-h546/history+of+nineteenth+century.jpg" title="History of Nineteenth-century Operation theater." width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">This situation changed when a young surgeon named Joseph Lister, after learning about the bacterial discovery of Louis Pasteur, came up with the idea of an invisible bacterium as the cause of abnormal deaths of patients in the hospital and said that . He began researching a variety of chemicals to prevent germs, and was the first to invent a method of removing germs by cleaning wounds and knife-scissors with carbolic acid.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: x-large;">In 1855, he performed the first surgery using antibiotics. At first, however, he had to burn a lot of wood to make this invisible germ and the idea of using chemicals as a disinfectant acceptable to people. But two different discoveries by Collins and Lister ultimately played a groundbreaking role in the success rate of surgery and in alleviating the suffering of patients.</span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Bardhaman, West Bengal, India23.2324214 87.8614793-5.0778124361788457 52.7052293 51.542655236178845 123.0177293tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-67931254951842377322021-05-19T18:04:00.001+05:302021-05-21T20:31:02.455+05:30What is Nature Of Aluminum Alloys<p><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;">WHAT IS NATURE OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS</span></p><p><span style="color: red; font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF1IOtEkiMJC7uo2b_3lVkdXJBLjnx-jzf6ga1aq_CVO9BFnRKe1pGFvQAYpzS7NqeR8OYm73zgQ8tulDoGgp3kihWOtSKlkcyuR4pgtmhyphenhyphen4hyKesEF6dzGP2ui15B1mjskHuNOuk4R2fZ/s900/Nature-of-aluminum-alloy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Nature of Aluminum alloy" border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="900" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF1IOtEkiMJC7uo2b_3lVkdXJBLjnx-jzf6ga1aq_CVO9BFnRKe1pGFvQAYpzS7NqeR8OYm73zgQ8tulDoGgp3kihWOtSKlkcyuR4pgtmhyphenhyphen4hyKesEF6dzGP2ui15B1mjskHuNOuk4R2fZ/w640-h430/Nature-of-aluminum-alloy.jpg" title="What is Nature of Aluminum alloy" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><i><br /></i></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aluminum is the most abundant metal and the third most abundant chemical element in Earth’s crust, comprising over 8% of its weight. Only oxygen and silicon are more prevalent. Yet, until about 150 years ago aluminum in its metallic form was unknown to humans. The reason for this is that aluminum, unlike iron or copper, does not exist as a metal in nature. Because of its chemical activity and its affinity for oxygen, aluminum is always found combined with other elements, mainly as aluminum oxide. As such it is found in nearly all clays and many minerals. Rubies and sapphires are aluminum oxide colored by trace impurities, and corundum, also aluminum oxide, is the second hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth only diamond is harder. It was not until 1886 that scientists learned how to economically extract aluminum from aluminum oxide via electrolytic reduction. Yet in the more than 100 years since that time, aluminum has become the second most widely used of the approximately 60 naturally occurring metals, second only to iron.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Aluminum alloys are broadly used in products and applications that touch us regularly in our daily lives, from aluminum foil for food packaging and easy-open aluminum cans for your beverages to the structural members of the ground vehicles and the aircraft in which we travel. The broad use of aluminum alloys is dictated by a very desirable combination of properties, combined with the ease with which they may be produced in a great variety of forms and shapes plus the ease with which they may be recycled and reused endlessly. In this chapter, we will review the characteristics of aluminum alloys that make them so attractive and note the variety of applications in which they are used.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>For readers who are interested in a broader look at the aluminum industry as a whole, the publications of the Aluminum Association are highly recommended, especially:</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>• Aluminum: Technology, Applications and Environment</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>• Aluminum Standards and Data (Standard and Metric Editions)</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>• Standards for Aluminum Sand and Permanent Mold Castings</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>• The Aluminum Design Manual</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>See the References at the end of the chapter for a more complete listing.</i></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i> <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS</span></b></i></span></h3><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>The first step in becoming familiar with the opportunities to utilize aluminum alloys advantageously is to briefly note some of the basic characteristics of wrought and cast aluminumalloys that make them desirable candidates for such a wide range of applications as well as their limitations. Wrought alloys (those mechanically formed by rolling, forging, and extrusion into useful products) are addressed first, then cast alloys (those cast directly to the near-final finished shape).</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><br /></i></span></p><p><i style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: large;"> .....................fiza engineer....................</i></p><p><i style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: large;"> ...sk najmul...</i></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Bardhaman, West Bengal, India23.2324214 87.8614793-5.0778124361788457 52.7052293 51.542655236178845 123.0177293tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-55506332784573971632021-05-05T13:52:00.001+05:302021-05-05T13:52:38.635+05:30What is Super String Theory ?<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ff00fe;">WHAT IS SUPER STRING THEORY</span></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEq3IwUOUDGpeWWer8YOK4P9v6qQQ1oukHWGbFTzasconKWF2KMipIuYzswKGhe1Xlpnb0MhvJAIAqyEPxOSc-kvr1-8HFVmMZqoFGeU2R0wYkYGDnFKbfIuIZ8hEZDbhy4-HjsP44klD8/s224/super-string-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Super String Theory ?" border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="224" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEq3IwUOUDGpeWWer8YOK4P9v6qQQ1oukHWGbFTzasconKWF2KMipIuYzswKGhe1Xlpnb0MhvJAIAqyEPxOSc-kvr1-8HFVmMZqoFGeU2R0wYkYGDnFKbfIuIZ8hEZDbhy4-HjsP44klD8/w640-h640/super-string-1.jpg" title="What is Super String Theory ?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>The description of string theory and superstring theory in terms of a cellular automaton. In searching for older material, he recently unearthed a letter, written to him by <b>J.G. Russo in March 1993</b>, which contained the details of essentially the same idea concerning the most important case: the bosonic string. Clearly, all priority claims should go to him.</p><p>So far, most of our models represented non-interacting massless particles in a limited number of space dimensions. Readers who are still convinced that quantum mechanical systems will never be explained in terms of classical underlying models, will not be shocked by what they have read until now. After all, one cannot do Gedanken experiments with particles that do not interact, and anyway, massless particles in one spacial dimension do not exhibit any dispersion, so here especially, interference experiments would be difficult to imagine. This next chapter however might make him/her frown a bit,we argue that the bulk region of the (super)string equations can be mapped onto a deterministic, ontological theory. The reason for this can be traced to the fact that string theory, in a flat background, is essentially just a one-space, one-time massless quantum field theory, without interactions, exactly as was described in previous sections.</p><p>As yet, however, our (super)strings will not interact, so the string solutions will act as non-interacting particles, for theories with interactions.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU-HhVxcf9Nu_oVEXp_VqTJc0wFuREADVc9StGcrC4o-Y5XYrDu97gc7YYFP8nLsFOqGZlXhrzUJ0KmFiFVGyzEtrmZN8hWepzD2MQYUIemU8KzbUPwvAozcY5owVsAI5miX3S9rjAuCYk/s276/super-string-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="What is Super String Theory ?" border="0" data-original-height="182" data-original-width="276" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU-HhVxcf9Nu_oVEXp_VqTJc0wFuREADVc9StGcrC4o-Y5XYrDu97gc7YYFP8nLsFOqGZlXhrzUJ0KmFiFVGyzEtrmZN8hWepzD2MQYUIemU8KzbUPwvAozcY5owVsAI5miX3S9rjAuCYk/w640-h422/super-string-2.jpg" title="What is Super String Theory ?" width="640" /></a></div><br /><b><br /></b><p></p><p><b>Superstring theory started</b> off as an apparently rather esoteric and formal approach to the question of unifying the gravitational force with other forces. The starting point was a dynamical system of relativistic string-like objects, subject to the rules of quantum mechanics. As the earliest versions of these models were beset by anomalies, they appeared to violate Lorentz invariance, and also featured excitation modes with negative mass squared, referred to as “<b>tachyons</b>”. These tachyons would have seriously destabilized the vacuum and for that reason had to be disposed of. It turned out however, that by carefully choosing the total number of transverse string modes or the dimensions of the space time occupied by these strings, and then by carefully choosing the value of the intercept a(0), which fixes the mass spectrum of the excitations, and finally by imposing symmetry constraints on the spectrum as well, one could make the tachyons disappear and repair Lorentz invariance It was then found that, while most excitation modes of the string would describe objects whose rest mass would be close to the Planck scale,a very specific set of excitation modes would be massless or nearly massless. It is these modes that are now identified as the set of fundamental particles of the Standard Model, together with possible extensions of the Standard Model at mass scales that are too large for being detected in today’s laboratory experiments, yet small compared to the Planck mass.</p><p>A string is a structure that is described by a sheet wiped out in space time, the string ‘world sheet’. The sheet requires two coordinates that describe it, usually called <b>σ</b> and <b>τ</b> . The coordinates occupied in an </p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">n = d + 1 dimensional spacetime,</span></b></p><p>temporarily taken to be flat Minkowski spacetime, are described by the symbols</p><p> <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Xμ(σ,τ), μ = 0, 1,...,d.</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span></b></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b><i>.....Fiza Engineer................Sk najmul....</i></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe;"><b><i> ...Thank you...</i></b></span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Kolkata, West Bengal, India22.572646 88.363895000000014-8.509575467971576 53.207645000000014 53.65486746797157 123.52014500000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-60677444751971784722021-04-02T00:38:00.001+05:302021-04-02T00:38:48.720+05:30Modern Thoughts about Quantum Mechanics.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><u>Modern Thoughts About Quantum Mechanics</u></span></i></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikFluX5iuHxOZPMZ1THsJYS3ZtgPXPbuqEB8Mc5ipJ6xPik9KPtTB-JeLzTEkPjCx3yPjvzo7dHMDwXbS9jBzS72N2Mtxf21t9QJhc2KeGEqjYsfDF5D06vk6xjeEUEkVY5FjMlz96PO4I/s1208/modern-thought-quantam+mechanics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Modern thoughts about Quantum Mechanics" border="0" data-original-height="1208" data-original-width="900" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikFluX5iuHxOZPMZ1THsJYS3ZtgPXPbuqEB8Mc5ipJ6xPik9KPtTB-JeLzTEkPjCx3yPjvzo7dHMDwXbS9jBzS72N2Mtxf21t9QJhc2KeGEqjYsfDF5D06vk6xjeEUEkVY5FjMlz96PO4I/w476-h640/modern-thought-quantam+mechanics.jpg" title="Modern thoughts about Quantum Mechanics" width="476" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /><i><br /></i></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>The discovery of the laws of quantum mechanics has severely affected the way in-vestigators now think about ‘reality’. Even authorities such as Richard Feynman were baffled: “I think I can safely say that nobody today understands quantum mechanics”. One fact was established with very little doubt: the theory is completely coherent and it agrees amazingly well with experiment.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>It would be nice if an evolution law for a cellular automaton could be found that generates the particles of the Standard Model and the characteristics of their interactions, but most investigators today find it quite unlikely that we will soon be able to identify such a system starting with what we know. What we do have, could be formulated as a dictionary of information: our particles represent information, which is passed on and is being processed. Today, we experience these processes as if it is quantum mechanical information: superpositions of eigen states of operators called observables. If one system of information carriers could be exactly transformed into another system of information carriers, with other rules of processing this information, then we would never be able to decide which of these systems is more ‘fundamental’. Consequently, we might end up with classes of cellular automaton systems, such that we cannot decide which element in one particular class represents our world. David Deutsch formulates this situation in his constructor theory. The key point is distinguishability of different physical systems.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>The proposal presented in this book is that at least one element in such classes should turn out to be a classical automaton, but this step is usually not made. More frequently, it is found that a ‘many world’ interpretation seems to be inevitable.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0xo24s4gWzzTh-34jkJN2jTb-oiJ_LHhLRzD58ne5Dt9XUny65BcCd_OTl5tzqH4RBZGj1b9ECeNI81XOTG5irgs_oNvcUh2rxaHwKyOLLoPCXdA-nE2ObR5rjkvGq-yuxGx4hYF5HIb/s1225/quantum+mechanics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Modern thoughts about Quantum Mechanics" border="0" data-original-height="1225" data-original-width="1043" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0xo24s4gWzzTh-34jkJN2jTb-oiJ_LHhLRzD58ne5Dt9XUny65BcCd_OTl5tzqH4RBZGj1b9ECeNI81XOTG5irgs_oNvcUh2rxaHwKyOLLoPCXdA-nE2ObR5rjkvGq-yuxGx4hYF5HIb/w544-h640/quantum+mechanics.jpg" title="Modern thoughts about Quantum Mechanics" width="544" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /><i><br /></i></span><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>Also, the idea that non-linear modifications of the Schrödinger equation, no matter how small, would be needed to explain the collapse of the wave function, still seems to persist. The density matrix calculated from the Schrödinger equation contains off-diagonal terms, and no matter how fast these might oscillate, or how unstable the phases of these terms are, something seems to be needed to erase themal together. We will show that this is not the case in our theory.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>A poll held by A. Zeilinger et al.concerning positions taken by participants of a conference on the foundations of quantum mechanics, was quite revealing. Although perhaps the questions themselves were somewhat biased, it appeared that a majority is divided over the exact wording to be chosen, but agrees that quantum information is fundamentally different from classical information. None of the participants believed in an underlying deterministic theory. Most of them thought that Einstein, in his criticism of Bohr’s formulation of quantum mechanics, was simply mistaken. In this book we hope to convince the reader that a deterministic underpinning theory may not be impossible at all, and, although Niels Bohr was right in a pragmatic sense, there are amendments to be made to the Copenhagen doctrine. A bird’s eye version of the views elaborated in this book, was presented in Ref. Other, preliminary excursions by the present author are described in and</i></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>Practically all investigators adhere to the concept called freedom of choice, which means that an observer, at any time, must enjoy the freedom to choose which observable property of a system is to be measured. Zeilinger claims that this freedom can be guaranteed in experiments. In our book however, we observe that there may be a severe restriction to this freedom of choice, due to very strong spacelike correlations. By carefully defining exactly what freedom of choice means, we shall replace ‘free will’ by something mathematically more precise. We then ob-serve that although all observers at a given time indeed have the freedom to choose their settings, correlation functions then dictate, non-locally, what the ontological states of the observed objects such as elementary photons may be. In short, the choices made by an observer will have to comply with the correlation functions im-posed by physical laws. The laws are local, but the correlation functions are not. Wes hall see how these correlation functions may affect our conclusions concerning the mysteries of quantum mechanics.</i></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><i>...........fiza engineer...........</i></b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><i>...........Sk Najmul...............</i></b></span></span></p><p style="height: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>x</i></span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Kolkata, West Bengal, India22.572646 88.363895000000014-5.7375878361788466 53.207645000000014 50.882879836178844 123.52014500000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-32370615276547188112021-02-18T00:33:00.000+05:302021-02-18T00:33:03.072+05:30Light And Relativity Effects.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><i><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">LIGHT AND RELATIVITY EFFECTS</span></b></i></h1><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRv7Ux1EMBtT5RFFc4vRV1Sz8Iyi-Izrrit_f7A3GRgl1JGn3JxbNApkkeLKsbcz8sZaOguQn2atXLXmJVLUHor9EgAmbz50G8Egk4pm3JQErzb7ffsOTqQfK1FLN0G5h2n1PtIhyphenhyphennHWaR/s900/Light+and+relativity+effects.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Lights and relativity effects" border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="900" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRv7Ux1EMBtT5RFFc4vRV1Sz8Iyi-Izrrit_f7A3GRgl1JGn3JxbNApkkeLKsbcz8sZaOguQn2atXLXmJVLUHor9EgAmbz50G8Egk4pm3JQErzb7ffsOTqQfK1FLN0G5h2n1PtIhyphenhyphennHWaR/w640-h454/Light+and+relativity+effects.jpg" title="Lights and relativity effects" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><br /><i><br /></i></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>The general theory of relativity established a connection between the behavior of light and all other physical phenomena. Space-time is predicted to be a part of every action of the universe. The cause of space-time is defined as the constant nature, in a vacuum, of the speed of light. The successes of the predictions of relativity theory demonstrate that in order to accurately define physics we must first accurately define light. Some primary properties of light are defined by the theory of relativity. That theory addresses the measurement of the speed of light. Therefore, I will first consider the measurement of the speed of light. I then use this new theory to explain light from a different perspective. </i></span></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b><i>MEASURING THE SPEED OF LIGHT </i></b></span></h3><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>The problem of the measurement of the speed of light, considered solved by relativity, can be simply introduced by considering a hypothetical problem in gravity free space. I will use two observers in proximity to each other with no relative velocity. Since there is no gravity, the only possible communication between these observers is by electromagnetic means. For convenience, I refer to electromagnetism as light. </i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>One observer sends out a ray of light toward the second observer. The measurement of the speed of light passing between them may appear to be straightforward without logical complications. If a measuring rod is placed between the two observers, it appears reasonable to think either observer would measure the speed of light to be the known value commonly represented as C. There is some mystery, however, even in this very simple example. </i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>What cannot be explained is how light is propagated, and what is the means by which the speed of light is regulated? It could be said there is nothing present to cause it to vary, but there is equally nothing present to cause it to not vary. This point becomes clearer when relative velocity is introduced into the problem. The correctness of relativity is not presupposed, so both time and space are considered to be symmetrical.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>When there is a relative velocity between the two observers then the speed of light needs to be re-measured. There is reason to think the relative velocity may affect the measured speed of light. For example, if the two bodies are moving toward each other it is possible to wonder if the speed of the light passing by either of the observers would travel at the speed C plus their relative speed. However, this seemingly reasonable assumption is not a foregone conclusion. There is also a reasonable basis to expect the speed to be equal to C regardless of the relative velocity. </i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>The idea of a changing speed of light due to relative velocity suggests the observer who emits the light retains control over that ray of light, while the second observer apparently does not have the ability to control it. There is no other potential source of control given. This idea requires the acceptance of multiple measured speeds of light equal to the same number of charged particles in the universe. The core of the problem is: There is implicit in this idea that the local environment has no control over the speeds of light from any number of external sources. </i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i>We have no current understanding of why light moves. It could easily be argued: If a particle controls the speed of its own light, then it should also have control over the speed of any light. We can wonder how a body has control over the light it emits, but no control over passing light physically indistinguishable from its own. The point is that there is no empirically demonstrated substance controlling the speed of light. Since the cause of this speed cannot be detected directly, then the motion of light must be determined empirically from the interaction of particles and photons. It cannot, at its level of origin, be logically deduced.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i><b>...................fiza engineer....................</b></i></span></p><p><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Kolkata, West Bengal, India22.572646 88.363895000000014-4.959859398951167 53.207645000000014 50.105151398951165 123.52014500000001tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-8444397239599386452021-01-08T21:48:00.000+05:302021-01-08T21:48:32.363+05:30How to Measurement of Friction.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: x-large;">HOW TO</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: x-large;">MEASUREMENT OF FRICTION</span></i></h1><div><i><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIPVTbJ3oSmJ4bluvoZlh4hbeSMXURJDCfvziwfXIvqk7ntmvVBZA_Kk9WokfF7DIGBnujTifxufFchEGzgLs_BmCbrque7noSD2_noJSEq2OywqoyI1My24RTN8roQLjGil98vvGNdHoE/s376/Measure-of-friction.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How-to-measure-friction, inclined-plane-rig,pin-on-disc-rig,conformal-geometry-rig,techniques-friction,what-is-friction,sliding-coefficient-friction," border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="376" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIPVTbJ3oSmJ4bluvoZlh4hbeSMXURJDCfvziwfXIvqk7ntmvVBZA_Kk9WokfF7DIGBnujTifxufFchEGzgLs_BmCbrque7noSD2_noJSEq2OywqoyI1My24RTN8roQLjGil98vvGNdHoE/w640-h440/Measure-of-friction.jpg" title="How to Measurement of friction" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></i></div><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Friction is defined as the force of resistance to motion that occurs when a solid body moves tangentially with respect to the surface of another body that it touches. The friction force acts in a direction opposite to that of motion. Even when an attempt is made to initiate the motion, the friction force exists. The friction force required to initiate the sliding is called the static friction force and that required to maintain sliding is called the kinetic friction force, the value of which is usually lower than the former for the same combination of material and other parameters. The basic principle of any friction measuring instrument is to place two specimens together under a specified normal load and in relative motion while the tangential force resisting motion is measured. Many methods of varying specimen geometry, loading condition, and resisting force measurement are available. Different researchers use many ingenious setups to investigate different specific cases.</span></i></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><b>1. Inclined-Plane Rig</b></span></i></h3><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">The simplest arrangement is the inclined-plane test. A specimen is placed on a flat plane whose inclination with the horizontal is gradually increased until the specimen on it starts sliding. </span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">If the inclination at this moment is </span></i><i><span style="font-size: large;">θ, then,</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;"> 𝜇s = tan θ. </span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Obviously, this method is not capable of evaluating friction in continuous sliding.</span></i></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">2. Pin-on-Disc Rig</span></i></h3><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">In continuous-sliding cases, the rig based on pin-on-disc configuration is used. The pin is held stationary under a normal load while the disc is made to rotate. The loading can be provided by simple dead weight or by spring loading or hydraulic or pneumatic pressure.</span></i></p><p><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLgjkFGx6G8x2HReTbLooAxXzN_G5ntsMdTgbahdS19ntuNVQODSaEnQKX1L-T9X_uU1fcbHpyIhqq9y2afKPctZPu8Ywh42l-ajgdzdmgfJvS17O7EpfFIWnSEkTzw8c9-MT1Q9fZ1IRE/s900/pin-on-disc-rig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="How-to-measure-friction, inclined-plane-rig,pin-on-disc-rig,conformal-geometry-rig,techniques-friction,what-is-friction,sliding-coefficient-friction," border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="900" height="580" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLgjkFGx6G8x2HReTbLooAxXzN_G5ntsMdTgbahdS19ntuNVQODSaEnQKX1L-T9X_uU1fcbHpyIhqq9y2afKPctZPu8Ywh42l-ajgdzdmgfJvS17O7EpfFIWnSEkTzw8c9-MT1Q9fZ1IRE/w640-h580/pin-on-disc-rig.jpg" title="How to measurement of friction" width="640" /></a></i></div><i><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i><p></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">The friction force is measured with the help of the calibrated tangential movement of a capacitive or inductive transducer mounted on the stationary specimen. For a multiple-pass arrangement the pin is held at a constant radial distance from the center of the disc, but in a single-pass arrangement it is moved radially during the experiment. Other standard arrangements such as pin-on-cylinder, crossed cylinder, and reciprocating arrangement.</span></i></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">3 Conformal and Nonconformal Geometry Rig</span></i></h3><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">The test rigs can be classified into two groups depending on the test geometry: conformal and nonconformal. In the conformal geometry test, the profiles of the two contacting surfaces are matched carefully before the experiment is started. In this case the contact pressure is mode rate and normally held constant throughout the experiment. The test may then be used to simulate the situations such as brakes, thrust bearings, plane bearings, face seals, and clutches. On the other hand, in the nonconformal geometry test (with spherically profiled pin) contac tpressure is initially high because on first loading contact is made at a single point and with time pressure reduces due to development of small wear scars. This can be used to simulate the heavily loaded contacts such as gear teeth or to provide accelerated tests of friction and wear of a number of candidate material pairs for specified applications.</span></i></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">4 Environment Control</span></i></h3><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">For accurate investigation the friction test must be carried out in an enclosed environment having simulated environmental conditions. Different friction pairs are susceptible to the presence of liquid lubricants, water vapor, gases, and so on. If pin-on-disc tests are carried out in the presence of liquid lubricant, the results vary due to poorly controlled hydrodynamic conditions at the interface. Sometimes the small deformations of the rig caused by the thermal loading or pressure loading may give rise to experimental scatter. So many other forms of test rigs have been developed for specific applications involving different environmental conditions.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">* For example, space environments are simulated by the use of high-vacuum conditions where the entire test rig is installed inside the vacuum chamber.</span></i></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">5 Techniques for Friction Force Measurement</span></i></h3><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Two basic types of devices are commonly used for the measurement of friction force, viz.the piezoelectric force gauge and strain gauge transducer. Piezoelectric force gauges give a direct measurement of friction force as an electrical impulse that is recorded electronically.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Piezoelectric gauges operate by elastic deflection of a piezoelectric crystal and are sensitive to temperature, vibration, and corrosive agents. Piezoelectric gauges are also relatively expensive. Strain gauge beams are comparatively cheaper. In this case, friction force is usually measured from the bending of a beam arranged perpendicular to the direction of the friction force and strain gauges are mounted on the beam to record the deflection of the beam. Strain gauge beams are effective in recording steady friction forces where piezoelectric force gauges are unsuitable. The only difficulty with the strain gauge beam is its failure to record rapid change in friction force.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i></p><p><i><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"> ..............FIZA ENGINEERING............</span></i></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Barauni, Bihar 851116, India25.4657481 85.991392300000015-2.8444857361788465 50.835142300000015 53.775981936178844 121.14764230000002tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-51471795191687200432021-01-03T19:46:00.000+05:302021-01-03T19:46:41.816+05:30Universal Testing Machines.<h1 style="text-align: left;"><i><b><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-size: x-large;">UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINES</span></b></i></h1><p><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5NE9vL_8pXdSYXiTQg7-cjhvL8AtWq69hTWluLB0mDUSHkwGq3Ywqw4rYD92aul2jQkCsPkuYCXCu9lhDsisgm6VrCPFP5BjODErlucv2Uh6YJ0Kew5G56dYyCz-RbI1tMSnZja2oDeh/s900/universal-testing-machine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Universal-testing-machines,Strain-gauge-sensor,strain-gauge-circuit-compensatio,tensile-load,electro-mechanical-control,electricmotor,pcb-food-testing" border="0" data-original-height="885" data-original-width="900" height="630" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC5NE9vL_8pXdSYXiTQg7-cjhvL8AtWq69hTWluLB0mDUSHkwGq3Ywqw4rYD92aul2jQkCsPkuYCXCu9lhDsisgm6VrCPFP5BjODErlucv2Uh6YJ0Kew5G56dYyCz-RbI1tMSnZja2oDeh/w640-h630/universal-testing-machine.jpg" title="Universal testing machines" width="640" /></a></i></div><i><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i><p></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Load cells are commonly used in materials and product testing applications. This type of testing requires a method of controlling the sometimes complicated test routines. Universal test machines often fulfill this purpose and are available from many manufacturers.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Universal testers provide a means to hold a sample and place it under a compressive or tensile load. They can be simple motorized machines, whereby the speed and direction arev controlled using manual controls, hand-operated machines where the operator uses a wheel or pump control to increase the force on the sample, right up to high-end computer-controlled test stands that can run sophisticated multistage test programs. They are available with hydraulic actuation or electro mechanical control using electric motors driving a ball screw arrangement, for a wide range of forces from 500 N up to 30 MN. They will perform complex calculations such as Young’s modulus and create and print reports. When used in conjunction with other instrumentation, such as extensometers, even more sophistication is possible. With the ever growing library of international test methods, universal testers are required to provide more functionality and more calculations. A few of the range of available universal test machines.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Portable force measurement is catered for by a plethora of handheld instrumentation, from simple gram gauges to advanced force gauges that allow data storage and transmission as well as peak and trough calculations. Some will allow simple control functions for operating some test stands so that no computer is necessary.</span></i></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">Force measurement in this form is used in all industries, from medical and pharmaceutical to food, automotive, and electronics sectors. Both the finished products and the raw materials they are made of are tested for either quality control or to determine basic material properties. Figure 4 shows some examples of force measurement applications in industry, including replacement joint testing, PCB component pull off testing, and food testing.</span></i></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><i>1. THE STRAIN GAUGE SENSOR</i></span></h3><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Although Lord Kelvin first reported on the relationship between strain on a metal and its electri</i><i>cal resistance in 1856,8 it was not until 1936 that a practical implementation of a bonded strain </i><i>gauge9 was realized by the eccentric Edward E Simmons, Jr. The invention, which consisted </i><i>of wires glued to the surface of the object whose stress or strain was to be measured, had an </i><i>enormous impact on the engineering world and was of great importance during World War II^10.</i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8lb-lQJMl_pu-U5UiAOQLFBD4DBKOxiuU3nmNbPT-CLnFOFpZBydR7Bz-v67FDmXK_npJLGYpHVAlGF_KhUjQtmsKkj0i48KAAcdTlOmWtSbvmRLx3BRS5ZxiSlRP6KGdp9waGSyI5m1/s900/strain-gauge-sensore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Universal-testing-machines,Strain-gauge-sensor,strain-gauge-circuit-compensatio,tensile-load,electro-mechanical-control,electricmotor,pcb-food-testing" border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="900" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8lb-lQJMl_pu-U5UiAOQLFBD4DBKOxiuU3nmNbPT-CLnFOFpZBydR7Bz-v67FDmXK_npJLGYpHVAlGF_KhUjQtmsKkj0i48KAAcdTlOmWtSbvmRLx3BRS5ZxiSlRP6KGdp9waGSyI5m1/w640-h426/strain-gauge-sensore.jpg" title="Universal testing machines." width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><i><br /></i></span><p></p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;"><i>2. STRAIN GAUGE CIRCUIT COMPENSATION</i></span></h3><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">To an extent, the Wheatstone bridge design lends itself to self-compensation for environmental factors such as temperature by virtue of the balanced nature of the resistors if all resistor sare the same, then they will be affected by temperature to the same extent and the net effect is theoretically zero. For more demanding transducer applications, compensation is required for temperature and sometimes zero balance, where, however well balanced the gauges are, their characteristics cannot be identical, and so the balance of the bridge is not exact when under zero load. </span></i></p><p><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT6-2iCDoevpX60hAxUB7tPJJ0ZwzBJLm23X8jsLFmiFhtuyUSBK2nETITmMv2tRAJGYWR-nZKK785uRUAiZVSKEgxx8t1M8A1ka4wqnFNMHnxT2lesVMgXZQMXPjXeaO6wSQyWrJVja_/s900/strain-gauge-cercuit-composation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Universal-testing-machines,Strain-gauge-sensor,strain-gauge-circuit-compensatio,tensile-load,electro-mechanical-control,electricmotor,pcb-food-testing" border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="900" height="560" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIT6-2iCDoevpX60hAxUB7tPJJ0ZwzBJLm23X8jsLFmiFhtuyUSBK2nETITmMv2tRAJGYWR-nZKK785uRUAiZVSKEgxx8t1M8A1ka4wqnFNMHnxT2lesVMgXZQMXPjXeaO6wSQyWrJVja_/w640-h560/strain-gauge-cercuit-composation.jpg" title="Universal testing machines." width="640" /></a></i></div><i><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></i><p></p><p><i><span style="font-size: large;">These things can be compensated for by careful tuning of compensation resistors placed at the vertices of the bridge where the output is read, Placing a well-tuned resistor with high thermal conductivity (commonly copper) at the vertex of R4 and R3 can compensate for zero drift due to temperature, whereas a temperature stable resistor, commonly constantan, at the vertex of R1 and R2 can compensate against bridge. imbalance Span effects can be compensated for by placing resistors either side of the voltage supply.</span></i></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Barauni, Bihar 851116, India25.4657481 85.99139230000001517.233900983099261 50.835142300000015 33.697595216900737 121.14764230000002tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7087768509248584522.post-12569805791039117742020-12-25T14:45:00.001+05:302020-12-25T14:45:52.660+05:30ASM International and the Alloy Center.<h1 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #ff00fe;">ASM</span><b><span style="color: #ff00fe; font-family: georgia; font-size: x-large;"> International And The Alloy Center</span></b></h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVQU1683PvD4bydJtxie7Klp27dBBjNaDNHqAAWXx-qW8iwMUD9N6cJ_h9_zOTZqsTLjRf42-xmY8oXcZ5j-z6ClM5KRnL_8K8h5DOM4lsnYg9bSzcQU9Bv5KeBO8cOl6EahUCWJqYX9pl/s900/ASM-international-and-alloy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ASM international and the alloy center" border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="900" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVQU1683PvD4bydJtxie7Klp27dBBjNaDNHqAAWXx-qW8iwMUD9N6cJ_h9_zOTZqsTLjRf42-xmY8oXcZ5j-z6ClM5KRnL_8K8h5DOM4lsnYg9bSzcQU9Bv5KeBO8cOl6EahUCWJqYX9pl/w640-h438/ASM-international-and-alloy.jpg" title="ASM international and the alloy center" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">ASM International has emerged as one of the strongest providers of numeric materials data sources, and those sources are generally in three formats or platforms, hard copy, disk (usually CD-ROM), and the Alloy Center on the Internet. As an example, one of the most extensive sources of high- and low-temperature data for aluminum alloys has recently been made available through a collaborative effort of ASM and the Aluminum Association in both the book Properties of Aluminum Alloys Tensile, Creep, and Fatigue Data at High and Low Temperatures 11 and a searchable CD of the same title. Other representative data sources from ASM</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>International include the following,</b></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">● <b>ASM Handbook,</b> </span>12 in Hard Copy and CD. Twenty volumes complete or available in a specific set covering material properties, the data sets are available for single work-stations and also for local area network (LAN) arrangements. Other CDs are available covering heat treatment, testing and analysis, and manufacturing processes.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">● Alloy Finder CD,</span></b> Contains full alloy records from three ASM hard-copy reference standards, Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 13 the ASM Worldwide Guide to Equivalent Irons and Steels.14 and the ASM Worldwide Guide to Equivalent Nonferrous Metals and Alloys. 15 The disk is searchable by composition as well as designation, so whether the user requires amplification of an alloy designation or to locate designations within specific composition ranges, the need is addressed.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>● Alloy Digest on CD, </b></span>Summaries of recently published data for new and emerging alloys are compiled periodically on disk as well as being made available in hard copy. The advantages include early warning of new materials, the limitation is the inability to provide consistent formats or data scope because such are not available for relatively new materials. More than 4200 data sheets are now available.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>● Binary-Phase Diagrams on CD-ROM. </b></span>The world’s most extensive collection of binary-phase diagrams numbering in excess of 4700 is available on CD, in addition to ASM hard-copy publications such Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams and the monograph series on specific alloy groupings.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">● Failure Analysis on CD-ROM, </span></b>One of the most extensive collection of data expressly developed for failure analysis is available on searchable CD-ROM as well as hard copy.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">● Materials Databases,</span></b> Numeric materials databases covering a variety of classes of materials are available from ASM on disk in various formats, including within Mat, DB, MAPP, and Rover search software. The databases are organized and searchable by mechanical and physical property as well as alloy class, steel and stainless steel, aluminum, composites, copper, magnesium, plastics and polymers, nylon, and titanium, plus special disk covering corrosion data.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">●Alloy Center on the ASM International Website,</span></b> In collaboration with Granta Design, ASM International has established an extensive Alloy Center on its website www.asminternational.org that provides searchable access to a wide and growing range of numeric materials property data. Where justified, some are presented in graphical format. The ASM Alloy Center is available for a reasonable subscription fee and, together with the availability of the ASM handbook series online, provides a formidable source of materials information</span>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="color: #01ffff; font-family: times;"> ...... FIZA ENGINEERING......</span></p><p><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: times;"> ......SK Najmul ( munna ).....</span></p><p><span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: times;"><br /></span></p>FIZA ENGINEERINGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01847827042150550163noreply@blogger.com0Kolkata, West Bengal, India22.572646 88.363895000000014-5.7375878361788466 53.207645000000014 50.882879836178844 123.52014500000001